The flame retardancy of ionic liquid functionalized graphene oxide in unsaturated polyester resins

Abstract

Summary Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared from graphite powder by the classic Hummers method, and modified by 1‐N‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (IL) and 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550) to obtain ionic liquid functionalized graphene oxide (ILGO). ILGO, compounded with traditional flame retardants (ammonium polyphosphate and expandable graphite), was used in unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) to enhance the flame retardancy. The flame retardant property and thermal degradation of the UPR composites were analyzed by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94, cone calorimeter test (CCT), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results show that there is an obvious synergism between ILGO and the traditional flame retardants. The LOI value of UPR‐4 containing ILGO reaches 28.2% and passes V‐0 of UL‐94, and UPR‐4's the initial temperature (Ti), maximum degradation temperature (Tmax), and residual carbon greatly increase. The experimental data shows that ILGO can promote UPR to form more residual carbon during combustion, enhance thermal stability, and make the material not easy to decompose. The morphology of carbon layer measured after CCT was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM images show that the surface of char layer of UPR‐4 containing ILGO becomes smoother, flatter and denser, compared with UPR containing only flame retardants. The cohesiveness and compact structure residual carbon can effectively prevent the oxygen, combustible gas, and heat transfer between the flame zone and the base material to reduce flammability.

Synthesis of organic–inorganic hybrid flame retardant and its use in polyurethane composite fiber membrane

“…The subsequent combination of KH550 with MP via an ionic bond, followed by its hydrolysis, engenders a continuous flame retardant structure denoted as MPK, as depicted in Figure 2c. The connection of GO with MP is established through hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions, 28,29 while its interaction with KH550 is facilitated via a SiOC bond 30–34 . Consequently, this multifaceted interplay results in the formation of larger MPKG particles, as visually portrayed in Figure 2d.…”

“…The connection of GO with MP is established through hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions, 28,29 while its interaction with KH550 is facilitated via a Si O C bond. [30][31][32][33][34] Consequently, this multifaceted interplay results in the formation of larger MPKG particles, as visually portrayed in Figure 2d.…”

Methods and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Hybrid Composites and Hybrid Polymer Composites: Influence of Ionic Liquid Addition

“…It can be seen that there is a predominance of synthetic polymers as preferred polymer matrices over natural polymers. The usage of synthetic polymers is evident through examples like bismaleimide resin [15], epoxy resin [2,8,[16][17][18][19], high-density polyethylene [20], polyamide-6 [13], poly(methyl methacrylate) [21], polyurethane [6,9,11,22,23], poly(vinyl alcohol) [24,25], and unsaturated polyester resin [26,27]. These polymers, prized for their versatility and tailored properties, seem to dominate composite fabrication.…”

“…Graphene oxide is a versatile filler known for its excellent mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Its two-dimensional structure and high surface area make it an ideal candidate for reinforcing polymers [1,2,9,17,24,25,27]. Ammonium polyphosphate is a flame-retardant filler used to enhance the fire resistance of polymer composites.…”

Effect of Microwave Irradiation at Different Stages of Manufacturing Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposite

“…The thermal stability of the composite improved, and the glass transition and melting temperatures increased by 6 °C and 10 °C, which was shown by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods. Gao et al [ 18 ] added surface-modified 1-N-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane GO into UPR to improve the fire resistance of the composite combined with ammonium polyphosphate. TGA analysis showed a significant increase in the temperature of the beginning of degradation, the maximum temperature of degradation, and an increase in the proportion of residual carbon.…”