The “Fixation” of Electron Microscopic Specimens by the Electron Beam

Hillier, James; Mudd, Stuart; Smith, Andrew G.; Beutner, Ernst H.

doi:10.1128/jb.60.5.641-654.1950

Cited by 17 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…The mitochondrial granules were not equally protected by electronic fixation and were for the most part volatilized in both parts of the specimen. Electron irradiation has previously been shown (von Borries and Glaser, 1944;Konig and Winkler, 1948;Hillier, Mudd, Smith, and Beutner, 1950) to "fix" bacterial cytoplasm against subsequent action by heat and by lytic agents. This fixation is shown here to make the cytoplasm refractory also to subsequent volatilization by intense electron irradiation.…”

Section: ]mentioning

confidence: 98%

Evidence Suggesting That the Granules of Mycobacteria Are Mitochondria

et al. 1951

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The granules which are so readily demonstrable in mycobacteria were interpreted by Robert Koch (1884) as spores.4 More recently they have been interpreted, with minor variations, as reserve particles, fat droplets, degeneration products, reproductive (Much) granules, conidia, gonidia, "sporide," and nuclei. The literature has been well reviewed among others by Wessel (1942), Knaysi (1929), and Knaysi, Hillier, and Fabricant (1950). The present work demonstrates that these granules are loci of enzymatic oxidative-reductive activities, contain phospholipid, and give in high dilutions of Janus green B the succession of colors characteristic for the staining of mitochondria. The granules have smooth spheroidal to ellipsoidal contours and, except when deformed by adjacent structures, have surfaces of minimal areas. When the granules have been volatilized by intense electronic bombardment, definite limiting surface membranes remain. The essential attributes of these granules are characteristic of the mitochondria of the cells of higher animals and plants. METHODS 1 This research has been aided by a grant from the Damon Runyon Fund through the American Cancer Society as recommended by the Committee on Growth of the National Research Council. The substance of this paper was communicated to the annual meeting of the Histochemical Society in

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Section: ]mentioning

confidence: 98%

Evidence Suggesting That the Granules of Mycobacteria Are Mitochondria

et al. 1951

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“…The technique of growing bacteria on "formvar" films was an adaptation of that with collodion films described by Hillier, Knaysi, and Baker (1948). In the work of this and the following paper (Hillier, Mudd, Smith, and Beutner, 1950) two or three electron pictures were taken of the same specimens and the specimens were subjected to shadowing or chemical processing between the pictures. Under these severe conditions a high percentage of the specimens was lost by breakage of the collodion films.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron and Light Microscopic Studies of Bacterial Nuclei

et al. 1950

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“…These differences seem to exclude the possibility that they represent a contamination such as an adsorbed film of oil, collected into droplets. Such a film would cover uniformly all the structures (30,31). In parts of the replicas protected from the vaporized palladium, these tuberosities are no more discernible.…”

Section: Ultrastruclure Of the Trabeculae In The Reticulated Sheetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topography of the Organic Components in Mother-of-Pearl

Grégoire

1957

The Journal of Cell Biology

108

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It has been known for a long time (1)(2)(3)(4), that mother-of-pearl, forming the innermost layer of various shells, consists of numerous mineral leaves or lamellae, disposed parallel to the inner surface of the shell, and piled upon each other horizontally. Each leaf or lamella is composed of microscopical crystals of aragonite (1) in which calcium carbonate is crystallized in a rhombic lattice t. The crystals, which have a long axis weakly developed (1-4) and therefore a tabular shape, are disposed side by side in a single layer within each leaf, and appear, in tangential view of a lamella, as polygonal slabs in a flagging.The organic components of mother-of-pearl (so called conchiolin) are traditionally described (26,25,13,24,23,(1)(2)(3)(4) as consisting of extremely thin parallel sheets, which alternate with the mineral lamellae in the horizontally stratified nacreous configuration. These parallel sheets are united by transverse bridges of the same organic substance, which cross the lamellae at right angles between the crystals of aragonite. The whole system appears in the figures recorded by light microscopy as an extremely thin linear network, resembling the concrete in a brick wall (22), but without any other detail of structure (1).Mter decalcification of mother-of-pearl, the organic residue consists of soft transparent stratified membranes. As shown previously (5, 6), ultrasonic vibrations may be used to cleave and break the organic membranes of decalcified mother-of-pearl into thinner pellicles and fragments of leaflets. In the electron microscope, these pellicles, collapsed by desiccation on to a formvar background, appear perforated by openings, the size, shape, and distribution of which vary with the groups and species of molluscs investigated. These details of structure were measured in twenty-seven species of Pelecypods and fifteen species of Gastropods. The results suggested that the differences recorded in the patterns of the leaflets were statistically characteristic at a high level (class) of the taxonomic hierarchy. Within the same class, the differences in the patterns were not, or were questionably significant at a lower level (genus, species). 1 In the inner layer of the shells, in which calcium carbonate is crystallized in a rhombohedric lattice, there is no mother-of-pearl. The results of a study of this so called subnacreous layer, or calcitostracum, will be reported later. 797

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The “Fixation” of Electron Microscopic Specimens by the Electron Beam

Cited by 17 publications

References 16 publications

Evidence Suggesting That the Granules of Mycobacteria Are Mitochondria

Evidence Suggesting That the Granules of Mycobacteria Are Mitochondria

Electron and Light Microscopic Studies of Bacterial Nuclei

Topography of the Organic Components in Mother-of-Pearl

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