The FISH VENOM TOXINS: NATURAL SOURCE OF PHARMACEUTICALS AND THERAPEUTIC AGENTS “PHARMACEUTICAL AND THERAPEUTIC USES OF FISH VENOM TOXINS

Abstract

The present review article explains fish toxins from different species with their pharmaceutical and therapeutic uses. Fish stinging is a major problem in coastal areas as it exerts severe toxic effects mainly in fishermen, locals, and tourists. Fish toxins cause severe pain that radiates up in the limbs and regional lymphatics. These also impose venular stasis, hemorrhage and make changes in the arteriolar wall diameter. Fish toxins target ion-channels, ligand-gated channels and G-protein coupled receptors present in body cells and obstructs their physiological and metabolic functions. They affect molecules that participate in signaling pathways, and cause hemolytic, cardiovascular, and make obstruction in nerve function and smooth muscle contraction. For quick neutralization, fish venom-induced effects in victim’s toxin-specific antibodies are used. These quickly provide relief from pain, minimize the symptoms, and stop the immediate inflammatory reaction. Fish venom toxins are of wider biomedical applications and can be used for the preparation of immune diagnostics, bio-pesticides, anticancer agents, and analgesics by using its biological information.

Marine Bioactive Compounds as Nutraceutical and Functional Food Ingredients for Potential Oral Health

“…rigida , exhibit potent in vitro cytotoxic activity ( 110 ). Pardaxin (H- GFFALIPKIISSPLFKTLLSAVGSALSSSGGQE-OH) is a 33 amino acid peptide, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) isolated from marine fish species Pardachirus marmoratus ( 111 – 113 ). It is also a possible marine bioactive component for adjuvant chemotherapy in human OSCC care.…”

The perspective of fish venom: An overview of the physiology, evolution, molecular and genetics

“…Usually, venom is produced by special glands being released to receptors (Isbister, 2001;Haddad and Lima, 2014). Venomous organisms have special structures for the release of venom, such as spines, barbs, and teeth or fangs, causing countless stings, bites, and barbs (Pandey and Upadhyay, 2020). Over 2.7 million injuries are caused by venom each year, prompting the study of venom as a potential source of novel physiological tools and pharmaceuticals.…”

“…Over 2.7 million injuries are caused by venom each year, prompting the study of venom as a potential source of novel physiological tools and pharmaceuticals. In the quest for new physiological tools and pharmaceuticals, venomous organisms have been the focus of numerous recent research (Pandey and Upadhyay, 2020).…”

“…Due to the extreme lability of some venom components, fish venom research is underrepresented in the literature. In addition, mucus in fish can contaminate with venom traces, posing a significant obstacle to their research (Pandey and Upadhyay, 2020). Nonetheless, fish venoms are a largely unexplored source of biologically significant compounds (Sivan et al, 2007).…”

“…Regardless of its importance in the discovery of new drugs and biodiversity research, several studies have looked into the venom response of catfish (Isbister, 2001;Haddad and Martins, 2006;Wright, 2009;Smith et al, 2016). An effort to better understand fish venoms contributes not only to the development of drugs but also to more efficient biodiversity exploration (Sosa-Rosales et al, 2005;Atkinson et al, 2006;Pandey and Upadhyay, 2020).…”