The First Two Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Neoephemeridae (Ephemeroptera): Comparative Analysis and Phylogenetic Implication for Furcatergalia

Abstract

Mayflies of the family Neoephemeridae are widespread in the Holarctic and Oriental regions, and its phylogenetic position is still unstable in the group Furcatergalia (mayflies with fringed gills). In the present study, we determined the complete mitogenomes of two species, namely Potamanthellus edmundsi and Pulchephemera projecta, of this family. The lengths of two mitogenomes were 15,274 bp and 16,031 bp with an A + T content of 73.38% and 73.07%, respectively. Two neoephemerid mitogenomes had a similar gene size, base composition, and codon usage of protein-coding genes (PCGs), and the sequenced gene arrangements were consistent with the putative ancestral insect mitogenomes as understood today. The most variable gene of Furcatergalia mitogenomes was ND2, while the most conserved gene was COI. Meanwhile, the analysis of selection pressures showed that ND6 and ATP8 exhibited a relaxed purifying selection, and COI was under the strongest purifying selection. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed based on two concatenated nucleotide datasets using both maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) estimations yielded robust identical topologies. These results corroborated the monophyly of seven studied families and supported the family Leptophlebiidae as being of the basal lineage of Furcatergalia. Additionally, the sister-group relationship of Caenidae and Neoephemeridae was well supported. Methodologically, our present study provides a general reference for future phylogenetic studies of Ephemeroptera at the mitogenome level.

The first complete mitochondrial genome of Matsucoccidae (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) and implications for its phylogenetic position

“…4 ). The lowest nucleotide diversity in cox1 is in agreement with observations in most sequenced insect mitogenomes ( Ma et al 2019 , Ge et al 2021 , Li et al 2021 , Zhang et al 2022 ), which presumably accounts for its ability to provide reliable species identification.…”

Cryptic Species Exist in Vietnamella sinensis Hsu, 1936 (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from Studies of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes

“…Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic trees showed that Vietnamellidae was closely related to Ephemerellidae and had a distant relationship with Teloganellidae, which was consistent with the results of Cai et al [ 12 ], Gao et al [ 45 ], and Rutschmann et al [ 90 ]. Over the last few years, many scholars did not include sequences of Teloganodidae when constructing the phylogenetic tree within Ephemeroptera, so the sister clade of Vietnamellidae and Ephemerellidae were still supported [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ].…”

“…In 2009, Ogden et al combined the molecular data ( sRNA , IrRNA , 18S rDNA , 28S rDNA , and H 3 genes) and morphological data suggesting that Vietnamellidae, Teloganodidae, and Ephemerellidae were in a parallel relationship, and the phylogenetic relationships among them had not been effectively analyzed [ 29 ]. In recent years, Li et al [ 41 , 42 , 43 ], Zhang et al [ 44 ], Cai et al [ 12 ], and Gao et al [ 45 ] reconstructed the phylogeny of Ephemeroptera based on mt genomes, all of which supported the formation of sister groups between Ephemerellidae and Vietnamellidae.…”

Pollen production per flower increases with floral display size across animal‐pollinated flowering plants

“…To assess whether variation in either P or O among species was related to floral display size, we used phylogenetic generalized linear mixed models (PGLMM). Such models account for nonindependence caused by phylogenetic relations by using a variable and flexible Brownian‐motion model of trait evolution (Li and Bolker, 2019). The inclusion of a phylogenetically driven correlation structure is recommended when there is a phylogenetic signal in the model residuals (Revell, 2010; Hansen, 2014) or when there is an improvement in model fit when considering phylogenetic relations (Shepherd and Klaere, 2019).…”