The first step in the success or failure of emerging pathogens

Easterday, W. Ryan

doi:10.1073/pnas.2020709117

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…Pathogen persistence in large populations is generally regulated by host population size and density, whereas pathogen establishment among small populations is much more likely to be influenced by stochastic factors [3]. Host-parasite relationships are often disrupted in threatened species, which can result in the local elimination of endemic diseases owing to reduced size and increased fragmentation of host species beyond a threshold required to maintain viral transmission [46]. As a result of a very successful conservation initiative, the Mauritius parakeet population has grown and has become less fragmented and, as a consequence, it is probable that pre-bottleneck host-parasite dynamics have been restored to some extent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The strain of BFDV present within the Mauritius parakeet population has rapidly diversified over the last three decades, with two subsequent waves of high prevalence since the initial outbreak in 2005. The ability of a pathogen to establish in a host population has a direct relationship with its transmission efficiency and an inverse relationship with its virulence [3,46]. Although BFDV has been found to be widely infectious [47] and PBFD is frequently fatal in immature birds up to three years of age [19], infected adults commonly recover from severe clinical presentation of the disease, which usually lasts only for a number of months [48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of Beak and Feather Disease Virus across Three Decades of Conservation Intervention for Population Recovery of the Mauritius Parakeet

et al. 2021

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Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are key contributors to the current global biodiversity crisis. Psittaciformes (parrots) are one of the most vulnerable avian taxa and psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is the most common viral disease in wild parrots. PBFD is caused by the beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), which belongs to the Circoviridae family and comprises a circular, single-stranded DNA genome. BFDV is considered to have spread rapidly across the world and, in 2005, an outbreak of PBFD was documented in the recovering population of the Mauritius parakeet (Alexandrinus eques). The Mauritius parakeet was once the world’s rarest parrot and has been successfully recovered through 30 years of intensive conservation management. Molecular surveillance for the prevalence of BFDV was carried out across a 24-year sample archive spanning the period from 1993 to 2017, and DNA sequencing of positive individuals provided an opportunity to assess patterns of phylogenetic and haplotype diversity. Phylogenetic analyses show variation in the extent of viral diversification within the replicase protein (Rep). Timeseries of BFDV prevalence and number of haplotypes reveal that two subsequent waves of infection occurred in 2010/2011 and 2013/2014 following the initial outbreak in 2005. Continued disease surveillance to determine the frequency and intensity of subsequent waves of infection may benefit future translocation/reintroduction planning. The continued growth of the Mauritius parakeet population despite the presence of BFDV bodes well for its long-term persistence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Beak and Feather Disease Virus across Three Decades of Conservation Intervention for Population Recovery of the Mauritius Parakeet

et al. 2021

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“…It is worth noting that the health effects of microbes can change when they jump to a novel host or appear in a new region ( 44 ). As such, predicting the outcome of transmission, including rates of microbial spread, length of colonization, and virulence ( 45 ), may be difficult. Microbes can become more pathogenic in new hosts.…”

Section: Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%