The first reported Florida clade 1 virus in the Nordic countries, isolated from a Swedish outbreak of equine influenza in 2011

Back, Helena; Berndtsson, Louise Treiberg; Gröndahl, G.; Ståhl, Karl; Pringle, John; Zohari, Siamak

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.12.010

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Thus, the virus probably spread to Turkey as a result of the relocation of horses from Europe. Back et al analysed a Swedish outbreak that occurred in 2011 where FC1 and FC2 cocirculated and reported that the index case of FC2 was transported to Sweden from Spain through the Netherlands . Other studies, based primarily on HA1 analysis, have also shown the ease with which EIV can spread as a result of transport of horses across Europe, specifically within Ireland, the UK and France …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Whole‐genome sequencing and antigenic analysis of the first equine influenza virus identified in Turkey

Gahan

Garvey

Gildea

et al. 2018

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundIn 2013, there was an outbreak of acute respiratory disease in racehorses in Turkey. The clinical signs were consistent with equine influenza (EI).ObjectiveThe aim was to confirm the cause of the outbreak and characterise the causal virus.MethodsA pan‐reactive influenza type A real‐time RT‐PCR and a rapid antigen detection kit were used for confirmatory diagnosis of equine influenza virus (EIV). Immunological susceptibility to EIV was examined using single radial haemolysis and ELISA. Antigenic characterisation was completed by haemagglutinin inhibition using a panel of specific ferret antisera. Genetic characterisation was achieved by whole‐genome sequencing using segment‐specific primers with M13 tags.ResultsA H3N8 EIV of the Florida clade 2 sublineage (FC2) was confirmed as the causal agent. The index cases were unvaccinated and immunologically susceptible. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA1 and NA genes demonstrated that A/equine/Ankara/1/2013 clustered with the FC2 strains circulating in Europe. Antigenic characterisation confirmed the FC2 classification and demonstrated the absence of significant drift. Whole‐genome sequencing indicated that A/equine/Ankara/1/2013 is most closely related to the viruses described as the 179 group based on the substitution I179V in HA1, for example A/equine/East Renfrewshire/2/2011, A/equine/Cambremer/1/2012 and A/equine/Saone et Loire/1/2015. The greatest diversity was observed in the NS1 segment and the polymerase complex.ConclusionsThe first recorded outbreak of EI in Turkey was caused by an FC2 virus closely related to viruses circulating in Europe. Antigenic and genetic characterisation gave no indication that the current OIE recommendations for EI vaccine composition require modification.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FC1 and FC2 viruses are prevalent in the USA and Europe, respectively . However, both have caused outbreaks elsewhere FC1 in South Africa, Japan, Australia and Europe and FC2 in China Mongolia and India …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole‐genome sequencing and antigenic analysis of the first equine influenza virus identified in Turkey

Gahan

Garvey

Gildea

et al. 2018

Influenza Resp Viruses

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“…Genetic characterization of Italian isolates revealed a close relatedness to American, European, and also the prototype vaccine lineage A/eq/South Africa/4/2003 isolate (Damiani et al, 2008 ). First incidence of Florida clade 1 virus in Nordic countries was reported in the year 2011 in Sweden which supports the use of both clade 1 and 2 Florida sublineage viruses in the vaccine (Back et al, 2016 ). HA1 gene of 18 EIV isolated during 2007–2010 in Ireland was carried out and it was found that all isolates belonged to Florida sublineage hence Expert Surveillance Panel recommended the use of both clades of Florida sublineage in the vaccine (Gildea et al, 2012 ).…”

Section: Epidemiology and Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 66%

A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies

et al. 2018

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Among all the emerging and re-emerging animal diseases, influenza group is the prototype member associated with severe respiratory infections in wide host species. Wherein, Equine influenza (EI) is the main cause of respiratory illness in equines across globe and is caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV-A) which has impacted the equine industry internationally due to high morbidity and marginal morality. The virus transmits easily by direct contact and inhalation making its spread global and leaving only limited areas untouched. Hitherto reports confirm that this virus crosses the species barriers and found to affect canines and few other animal species (cat and camel). EIV is continuously evolving with changes at the amino acid level wreaking the control program a tedious task. Until now, no natural EI origin infections have been reported explicitly in humans. Recent advances in the diagnostics have led to efficient surveillance and rapid detection of EIV infections at the onset of outbreaks. Incessant surveillance programs will aid in opting a better control strategy for this virus by updating the circulating vaccine strains. Recurrent vaccination failures against this virus due to antigenic drift and shift have been disappointing, however better understanding of the virus pathogenesis would make it easier to design effective vaccines predominantly targeting the conserved epitopes (HA glycoprotein). Additionally, the cold adapted and canarypox vectored vaccines are proving effective in ceasing the severity of disease. Furthermore, better understanding of its genetics and molecular biology will help in estimating the rate of evolution and occurrence of pandemics in future. Here, we highlight the advances occurred in understanding the etiology, epidemiology and pathobiology of EIV and a special focus is on designing and developing effective diagnostics, vaccines and control strategies for mitigating the emerging menace by EIV.

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“…2), confirming the international movement of sub-clinically infected animals as the most likely source of EI infection in the Croatian outbreak. Due to the significant increase in the sport and leisure horse population during the last two decades in Croatia, both national and international movement may be considered important risk factors for EI spread and introduction of new viral strains, as has been seen in other countries (PUSTERLA et al, 2014;BACK et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Florida sub-lineage has further divided into two clades (1 and 2) (BRYANT et al, 2009;RASH et al, 2017). Florida clade 1 and Florida clade 2 are now circulating worldwide, including Europe (AUTORINO et al, 2015;BACK et al, 2016;RASH et al, 2017). Vaccination is still the most important preventive measure for controlling EI infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outbreak of equine influenza in Croatia in 2015 and post outbreak epidemiological situation

et al. 2018

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The first reported Florida clade 1 virus in the Nordic countries, isolated from a Swedish outbreak of equine influenza in 2011

Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

Whole‐genome sequencing and antigenic analysis of the first equine influenza virus identified in Turkey

Whole‐genome sequencing and antigenic analysis of the first equine influenza virus identified in Turkey

A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies

Outbreak of equine influenza in Croatia in 2015 and post outbreak epidemiological situation

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