The first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain

Henríquez, Josefa; Gonzalo-Almorox, Eduardo; García-Goñi, Manuel; Paolucci, Francesco

doi:10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.013

Cited by 55 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Clinicians and neurologists have been obliged to familiarise themselves with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in record time [ 1 ]. Spain has been one of the most severely affected countries worldwide, having been struck since the very onset of the pandemic [ 2 ]. The Spanish Society of Neurology (SEN) created a task force to review the existing evidence about previous coronaviruses and the exponentially increasing evidence about COVID-19 [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological presentations of COVID-19: Findings from the Spanish Society of Neurology neuroCOVID-19 registry

García‐Azorín

Abildúa

Aguirre

et al. 2021

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

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Objective We report the findings from the Spanish Society of Neurology's NeuroCOVID-19 Registry. Methods We performed a multicentre study of patients with neurological manifestations of COVID-19. Participating physicians reported demographic, clinical, and paraclinical data and judged the involvement of COVID-19 in causing neurological symptoms. Results A total of 233 cases were submitted, including 74 different combinations of manifestations. The most frequently reported were stroke (27%), neuromuscular symptoms (23.6%), altered mental status (23.6%), anosmia (17.6%), headache (12.9%), and seizures (11.6%). The mean age of patients was 61.1 years, with 42.1% being women; a higher proportion of women was recorded among patients with altered mental status, anosmia, and headache. The onset of symptoms differed within categories. Onset of anosmia occurred a mean (standard deviation) of 2.9 (2.5) days after the first general symptom, whereas neuromuscular symptoms appeared after 13.9 (10.1) days. Neurological symptoms were persistent in 33% of patients. General symptoms were present in 97.7% of patients, and results from general laboratory studies were abnormal in 99.4% of patients. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis findings were abnormal in 62.7% of the cases in which this test was performed ( n = 51), but positive results for SARS-CoV-2 were only found in one case. Conclusions The neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are diverse. Anosmia, myalgia, and headache occur earlier in the course of the disease. Altered mental status, neuromuscular symptoms, and stroke are associated with greater severity. COVID-19 must be incorporated into most clinical and radiological differential diagnoses. COVID-19 may cause persistent and disabling neurological symptoms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological presentations of COVID-19: Findings from the Spanish Society of Neurology neuroCOVID-19 registry

García‐Azorín

Abildúa

Aguirre

et al. 2021

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

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“…Quickly diagnosing COVID-19 became of the utmost importance to isolate and treat the affected patients, and to trace and test their close contacts. The high number of suspected cases and the increased occupancy of intensive care units severely impacted healthcare centers [ 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Accuracy of Lung Ultrasound over Chest X-ray for Early Diagnosis of COVID-19 Pneumonia

Redondo

Rodríguez

Salud

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic rapidly strained healthcare systems worldwide. The reference standard for diagnosis is a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test, but results are not immediate and sensibility is variable. Aim: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of lung ultrasound compared to chest X-ray for COVID-19 pneumonia. Design and Setting: A retrospective analysis of symptomatic patients admitted into one primary care centre in Spain between March and September 2020. Method: Patients’ chest X-rays and lung ultrasounds were categorized as normal or pathologic. RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 infection. Pathologic lung ultrasound images were further categorized as showing either local or diffuse interstitial disease. McNemar and Fisher tests were used to compare diagnostic accuracy. Results: Most of the 212 patients presented fever at admission, either as a standalone symptom (37.74% of patients) or together with others (72.17% of patients). The positive predictive value of the lung ultrasound was 90% for the diffuse interstitial pattern and 46.92% for local pattern. The lung ultrasound had a significantly higher sensitivity (82.75%) (p < 0.001), but lower specificity (71%) than the chest X-ray (54.02% and 86%, respectively) (p = 0.008) for identifying interstitial lung disease. Moreover, sensitivity of the lung ultrasound for severe interstitial disease was 100%, and was significantly higher than the chest X-ray (58.33%) (p = 0.002). Conclusion: The lung ultrasound is more accurate than the chest X-ray for identifying patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and it is especially useful for those presenting diffuse interstitial disease.

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“…It was an imported case corresponding to a tourist visiting the Canary Islands. After a month, the confirmed cases increased to 100 [ 66 ]. Despite the centralized measures to control the spread in the country, different impact across Spanish provinces have been observed as it is shown in Figure 2 [ 43 ].…”

Section: The Case Of Spainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this numbers do not include workers under the Temporary Employment Regulation, known as ERTE, which is a measure implemented by the Spanish government to protect jobs and to reduce impacts in businesses and individuals. When business cannot afford to pay employees due to the cease of activity, employees under the ERTE measure will still receive a percentage of their salary [ 66 ].…”

Section: The Case Of Spainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourism and Sustainability in Times of COVID-19: The Case of Spain

Moreno-Luna

Ramírez

Sánchez

et al. 2021

IJERPH

113

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The aim of this paper is to study the effects of the spread of the COVID-19 virus in different regions and its impact on the economy and regional tourist flows. To this end, the researchers have been guided by a set of propositions which they have tried to demonstrate with the results obtained. This research shows that the impact of the pandemic is still being evaluated. The analysis of the relationship between the tourism sector and the pandemic outbreak in Spain provides an instructive case study to assist tourism in its recovery process. The paper delves into the impacts on the main Spanish touristic regions during the pandemic and providing implications for tourism recovery. In Spain, the tourism sector is of major economic importance, becoming one of the most vulnerable countries when crisis affects this industry. The negative image of the country due to the high infection rates has had a negative impact on travel and tourism. The Balearic Islands have been the most affected region with an 87% decrease in tourist visitors. The trips made by Spanish residents inside the Spanish territory shows the first increase found in the series analyzed. Domestic tourism not only represents an opportunity for all regions in this critical situation, but the types of accommodation also play a key role.

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The first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain

Abstract: The COVID-19 outbreak has led to an unprecedented crisis in Spain This paper examines the spread of COVID-19 and the policies and technologies used A stringent confinement, paired with substantial reduction in mobility showed positive epidemiological results

Cited by 55 publications

References 2 publications

Neurological presentations of COVID-19: Findings from the Spanish Society of Neurology neuroCOVID-19 registry

Neurological presentations of COVID-19: Findings from the Spanish Society of Neurology neuroCOVID-19 registry

Higher Accuracy of Lung Ultrasound over Chest X-ray for Early Diagnosis of COVID-19 Pneumonia

Tourism and Sustainability in Times of COVID-19: The Case of Spain

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