The First Ground Level Enhancement Seen on Three Planetary Surfaces: Earth, Moon, and Mars

Guo, Jingnan; Li, Xiaolei; Zhang, Jian; Dobynde, Mikhail; Wang, Yuming; Xu, Zigong; Berger, Thomas; Semkova, Jordanka; Wimmer‐Schweingruber, Robert F.; Hassler, Donald M.; Zeitlin, C.; Ehresmann, Bent; Matthiä, Daniel; Zhuang, Bin

doi:10.1029/2023gl103069

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 37 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…[69]) in the lunar environment allows us to assess its impact on the dynamics of the Earth's and the Moon's exospheres, on the dynamics of the Earth's magnetosphere, and on the sputtering, electrostatic charging and weathering of the Moon's surface. This can become of paramount importance during severe space weather events, when the solar wind and SEP parameters can take extreme values [70][71][72][73].…”

Section: Energetic Particle Environment Of the Moonmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-energy particle observations from the Moon

Dandouras,

Roussos

2024

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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The Moon is a unique natural laboratory for the study of the deep space plasma and energetic particles environment. During more than 3/4 of its orbit around the Earth it is exposed to the solar wind. Being an unmagnetized body and lacking a substantial atmosphere, solar wind and solar energetic particles bombard the Moon's surface, interacting with the lunar regolith and the tenuous lunar exosphere. Energetic particles arriving at the Moon's surface can be absorbed, or scattered, or can remove another particle from the lunar regolith by sputtering or desorption. A similar phenomenon occurs also with the galactic cosmic rays, which have fluxes and energy spectra representative of interplanetary space. During the remaining part of its orbit the Moon crosses the tail of the terrestrial magnetosphere. It then provides the opportunity to study in-situ the terrestrial magnetotail plasma environment as well as atmospheric escape from the Earth's ionosphere, in the form of heavy ions accelerated and streaming downtail. The lunar environment is thus a unique natural laboratory for analysing the interaction of the solar wind, the cosmic rays and the Earth's magnetosphere with the surface, the immediate subsurface, and the surface-bounded exosphere of an unmagnetized planetary body. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Astronomy from the Moon: the next decades (part 2)’.

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Section: Energetic Particle Environment Of the Moonmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-energy particle observations from the Moon

Dandouras,

Roussos

2024

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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Particle radiation environment in the heliosphere: Status, limitations, and recommendations

Guo,

Wang,

Whitman

et al. 2024

Advances in Space Research

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What Is the Radiation Impact of Extreme Solar Energetic Particle Events on Mars?

2023

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Solar Energetic Particles (SEP) are one of the major sources of the Martian radiation environment. It is important to understand the SEP‐induced Martian radiation environment for future human habitats on Mars. Due to the lack of a global intrinsic magnetic field, Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) can directly propagate through and interact with its atmosphere before reaching the surface and subsurface of Mars. Mars has many high mountains and low‐altitude craters where the atmospheric thickness can be more than 10 times different than one another. The SEP‐induced surface radiation level may therefore be very different from one location to another. We thus consider the influence of the atmospheric depths on the Martian radiation levels including the absorbed dose, dose equivalent, and (human‐)body effective dose induced by SEPs at varying heights above and below the Martian surface. The state‐of‐the‐art Atmospheric Radiation Interaction Simulator based on GEometry And Tracking Monte‐Carlo method has been employed for simulating particle interactions with the Martian atmosphere and terrain. We find that even the thinnest Martian atmosphere reduces radiation dose from that in deep space by at least 65%, and the shielding effect increases for denser atmosphere. Furthermore, we present a method to quickly forecast the SEP‐induced radiation in different regions of Mars with different surface pressures.

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The First Ground Level Enhancement Seen on Three Planetary Surfaces: Earth, Moon, and Mars

Cited by 6 publications

References 37 publications

High-energy particle observations from the Moon

High-energy particle observations from the Moon

Particle radiation environment in the heliosphere: Status, limitations, and recommendations

What Is the Radiation Impact of Extreme Solar Energetic Particle Events on Mars?

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