The First Glyptostroboxylon and Taxodioxylon Descriptions from the Late Miocene of Turkey and Palaeoclimatological Evaluation

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p><jats:italic>Taxodioxylon</jats:italic> H<jats:sc>artig</jats:sc> (emended by Gothan 1905) was widely described from the late Oligocene of the European part of Turkey (Thrace) and the early Miocene of greater Turkey, Anatolia. <jats:italic>Glyptostroboxylon</jats:italic> C<jats:sc>onw</jats:sc>. was also described from the early Miocene of central Anatolia. The purpose of this paper is to present a more detailed extended history of these two genera up to the late Miocene (Tortonian) with new descriptions from the Galatean Volcanic Province in central Turkey. The wood identification showed the presence of two fossil species; <jats:italic>Glyptostroboxylon rudolphii</jats:italic> D<jats:sc>olezych</jats:sc> et B<jats:sc>urgh</jats:sc> and <jats:italic>Taxodioxylon gypsaceum</jats:italic> (G<jats:sc>öpp</jats:sc>.) G<jats:sc>reguss</jats:sc>. In conclusion, the swamp and lowland warm-temperate forest composition including <jats:italic>Glyptostroboxylon</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Taxodioxylon</jats:italic> in the Galatean Volcanic Province, continued from the early Miocene (Burdigalian) to the late Miocene (Tortonian).</jats:p>

A re-examination of the angiosperm wood record from the early and middle Miocene of Turkey, and new species descriptions

“…1C). Numerous fossil sites have been discovered in the Hançili Formation (Akkemik et al, 2009(Akkemik et al, , 2016(Akkemik et al, , 2017Acarca Bayam et al, 2018;Akkemik and Acarca, 2019). Particularly in the western part of the GVP, many fossil sites yield autochthonous fossil stems of Juniperus L., Cedrus Trew, Pinus L., Arecaceae, Salix L., Populus L., Quercus L. and Liquidambar L. For that reason, the early Miocene Hançili Formation is a key section for evaluating early Miocene forests in Turkey.…”

Some fossil conifer species descriptions from the Paleogene to Pliocene of Turkey and their evaluations

“…Further, this fossil species was identified from the late Miocene fossil woods found in the east Galatian Volcanic Province (Akkemik and Acarca Bayam, 2019) and from the mid-late Miocene of Kütahya in central Turkey (Akkemik et al, 2019a). Finally, this fossil species had a wide distribution area during the early-middle Miocene to the late Miocene in the swamp areas of central Turkey.…”

“…Genus Discussion: Three species of Glyptostroboxylon were described (Süss and Velitzelos, 1997;Teodoridis and Sakala, 2008;Dolezych, 2011;Akkemik et al, 2017;Akkemik and Acarca Bayam, 2019 According to the identification key, the fossil Glyptostroboxylon from Güdül should be G. rudolphii due to having tracheidal pits up to triseriate, crassulae formation, and wider tracheids. Moreover, the fossil wood sample SOG04, identified as Sequoia (Acarca Bayam et al, 2018) from the same geologic formation (Pazar formation), has also glyptostroboid cross-field pits together with taxodioid pits and smooth end wall of axial parenchyma and indistinct transition from earlywood to latewood, and one to five rows of latewood tracheids.…”

“…The increased number of the palaeobotanical studies in Turkey showed the presence of a diverse conifer genera such as Araucarioxylon, Pinuxylon, Lesbosoxylon, Cupressinoxylon, Taxodioxylon, Glyptostroboxylon, Sequoioxylon Juniperus, Taxoxylon (Kayacık et al, 1995;Selmeier, 2001;Akkemik et al, 2005;Kutluk et al, 2012;Akkemik and Sakınç, 2013;Akkemik et al, 2009Akkemik et al, , 2016Akkemik et al, , 2017Akkemik et al, , 2019aAkkemik et al, ,b, 2020Acarca Bayam et al, 2018;Akkemik, 2019;Akkemik and Acarca Bayam, 2019;Güngör et al, 2019).…”

“…In some of the studies, the fossil species of these genera were identified such as Sequoioxylon egemenii Özgüven-Ertan, 1971(Özgüven-Ertan, 1971, Cupressinoxylon akdiki Özgüven-Ertan, 1977(Özgüven-Ertan, 1977, Sequoioxylon gypsaceum (Göppert) Greguss, 1967(Özgüven-Ertan, 1981(1983, Taxodioxylon gypsaceum (Göppert) Kräusel, 1949, Glyptostroboxylon rudolphii Dolezych & van der Burgh 2004(Akkemik and Bayam, 2019, and Cupressinoxylon pliocenica Akkemik 2019 (Akkemik, 2019).…”