The first checklist of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with new records and critical evaluation of earlier data. Contribution 1

Abstract

National checklists of alien plants and detailed databases of non-native plant occurrences are required to study and control regional and global plant invasions. No country in Central Asia has a national checklist of alien plants. A recent inventory counted 183 alien plant species in Kyrgyzstan, including archaeophytes and neophytes, established and casual. This preliminary checklist, which was developed for the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species in 2018, served as a starting point for the present study. A complete inventory of Xanthium in Kyrgyzstan has revealed that three alien species are resident in the country. Their correct nomenclature is X. orientale (syn. X. albinum, X. californicum, X. sibiricum auct.; invasive neophyle of the period of extensive grain import to the USSR after the Second World War), X. spinosum (invasive neophyte of the period of the Second World War, which arrived as a contaminant on the relocated livestock) and X. strumarium (syn. X. chinense, X. sibiricum; archaeophyte of the Neolithic period, introduced with wheat cultivation, which had lost its invasive status and appeared on the verge of extinction when its pool was no longer renewed by contaminated grain). A history of introduction to Central Asia is uncovered for all the species of Xanthium. A further spread is documented for Bunias orientalis, with a new record extending its distribution to the Eastern Tian-Shan; a complex history of its introduction to Europe and Central Asia is inferred from the archaeological data and its recent dispersal, and the pathways of its introduction to Kyrgyzstan are established. Erigeron annuus s.str. is reported as new to Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, and E. lilacinus as new to Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Nepal and Tajikistan (it was previously recorded as E. annuus s.l. from the three latter countries, in which the presence of E. annuus s.str. is not confirmed). These closely related species differ in their pathways of introduction and invasion status: E. annuus s.str. is an invasive established alien which was imported as a contaminant of forage, whereas E. lilacinus is mostly a casual (locally persisting) alien introduced with contaminated seed of ornamental plants or nursery material, and also intentionally introduced and locally established in the Botanical Garden in Bishkek. Bidens tinctoria (syn. Coreopsis tinctoria) is newly recorded as a casual alien from a single locality in Kyrgyzstan; this species name is validly published here in conformity with the phylogeny of Coreopsideae. Point maps of species distributions in Kyrgyzstan are provided on the basis of a complete inventory of the literature data, herbarium specimens and documented observations, and our recent fieldwork. The maps are documented with a dataset of herbarium specimens and observations. Period and pathways of introduction, vectors of dispersal, current and historical invasion status, evidence of impact and distributional trend are established or inferred for each species. Each species is discussed in the context of plant invasions in Central Asia as a whole. These species accounts are part of the national database of alien plants which aims at producing a comprehensive overview and analysis of plant invasions in Kyrgyzstan.

The first checklist of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with new records and critical evaluation of earlier data. Contribution 2

“…were found in the site as early vegetables, thus shifting the history of use of the first species deeper into prehistoric times. Bunias orientalis was found used as a vegetable also in prehistoric Southern Siberia, but its presence in the ancient cultivation did not affect the recent flora until the species' arrival as a grain contaminant at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries ( Sennikov and Lazkov 2021 ). Glebionis coronaria and G. segetum are still used as leaf vegetables in China ( Li 1970 ), most probably introduced through India due to their southern areas of cultivation ( Shih et al 2011 ).…”

“…The checklist is alphabetically organised (according to genera and species) and structured according to Sennikov and Lazkov (2021) . The emphasis is placed on the time and pathways of introduction and the current status and impact of certain species in Kyrgyzstan, in the context of plant invasions in Central Asia or the former USSR as a whole.…”

“…Subdivisions (thin lines): AT (Alay-Turkestan), ET (Eastern Tian-Shan), NT (Northern Tian-Shan), WT (Western Tian-Shan). Source: Sennikov and Lazkov (2021) .…”

“…So far, Central Asia in general and Kyrgyzstan in particular are nearly or totally omitted from the global database of naturalised alien plants ( van Kleunen et al 2018b ). Aiming to overcome this striking deficiency, we have recently started developing a detailed checklist of non-native vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, which includes the complete distributional data, the historical information on the time and pathways of introduction, and the actual status of invasion of a certain species ( Sennikov and Lazkov 2021 ).…”

“…As in the first part of these contributions ( Sennikov and Lazkov 2021 ), all occurrences in Central Asia are discussed in order to provide a solid background. This approach helps to uncover common pathways and periods of introduction and to trace and distinguish exceptional cases that do not fit the common patterns.…”