The first attempt of an active integrated laboratory-based Salmonella surveillance programme in the north-eastern region of Nigeria

Abstract

Aim: To identify the sources of Salmonella contamination, distribution, prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, which have significant impact on public and animal health, and international trade. Methods and Results: A total of 1888 samples were collected by stratified random sampling from 2009 to 2011 from cattle, camels, poultry, fish, vegetables and humans. All identified Salmonella isolates were serotyped and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by MIC determinations. A total of 149 Salmonella isolates comprising 17 different serovars were obtained (7Á9% prevalence). Salmonella Hadar (37%), S. Eko (17%), S. Enteritidis (10%), S. Kentucky (7%) and S. Uganda (7%) were isolated from different sources. The occurrence of antimicrobial resistance was generally low, but S. Enteritidis and S. Eko showed variable antimicrobial resistance patterns, while all S. Kentucky isolates were resistant to seven of 17 tested antimicrobials, including ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. Three S. Hadar isolates revealed reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and susceptibility to nalidixic acid and harboured the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene qnrS1. Conclusions: Salmonella serovars Hadar, Enteritidis and the previously very rarely reported Eko were the major serovars associated with human infections, animal and environmental contamination in the north-eastern region of Nigeria. Significance and Impact of the Study: These serovars constitute a health risk to poultry, environment and human population in the region.

Prevalence of Quinolone Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae from Sierra Leone and the Detection of qnrB Pseudogenes and Modified LexA Binding Sites

“…PMQR genes were ubiquitous among the analyzed Enterobacteriaceae (Table 1; for detailed information, see Table S2 in the supplemental material), consistent with previous reports of Entero bacteriaceae in West Africa (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). Observed in all species tested except E. coli and P. dispersa, various qnr genes and aac(6=)-Ib-cr were detected in 68% and 58% of the isolates, respectively.…”

“…An increasing prevalence of quinolone resistance has been reported in West Africa (11)(12)(13), with several mechanistic surveys of quinolone nonsusceptibility within this region recently published (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). However, no such data are available for Sierra Leone (11).…”

Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Animals and the Environment in Nigeria: A Review

“…The 80 studies excluded did not directly relate to the objectives or yielded information that could be subjected to organized peer review and data analysis. The 59 included studies were sorted into three categories of 42 antimicrobial resistance studies [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55], 16 antimicrobial residue studies [56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71], and 1 antiseptic or disinfectants study [72]. The PRISMA-style flowchart was modified and used for this analytical review (Figure S1) [73].…”

Distribution of Virulence Genes in <em>Salmonella</em> Serovars isolated from poultry farms in Kwara State, Nigeria

“…The presumptive Salmonella isolates on XLD (pink/red with/without central black spot due to hydrogen sulphide production) and SSA (transparent colonies with black centre) were then subjected to standard biochemical tests (Andrews, 1992;MacFaddin, 2002). Isolates biochemically identified as Salmonella were streaked on nutrient agar slants and shipped to the WHO National Salmonella and Shigella Center, Bangkok, Thailand, for serotyping according to the Kauffmann-White Scheme (Raufu et al, 2013;Issenhuth-Jeanjean et al, 2014).…”