The finite element analysis of three grafts in the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Abstract

A 3-D finite element model, including cartilages, menisci and four main ligaments, was developed to investigate the effect of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction on the biomechanics of knee joint. The menisci were assumed to be transversely isotropic and ligaments to be hyperelastic. The biomechanics of tibiofemoral joint were analyzed under 134 N posterior femoral force for three different ACL reconstructions (Bone-patellar tendon-Bone, double and quadruple semitendinosus). Due to the stability and stress in other tissues, the quadruple semitendinosus graft reconstruction was better than the others (Bone-patellar tendon-Bone and double semitendinosus) but can only restore ACL function partially. The higher stress induced in medial collateral ligament and menisci by reconstruction may cause these tissues damage or degeneration in future.

The effect of healing in the medial collateral ligament of human knee joint: A three-dimensional finite element analysis

“…The material properties of bone, meniscus, and cartilage were the same as those in some published models. 19,21 Bone was considered to be rigid because of its much higher elastic modulus than soft tissues. 22 According to the finding that cartilage was not viscoelastic under a less loading time than its viscoelastic time constant (1500 s), cartilage was defined to be homogeneous isotropic elastic with Young’s modulus E = 5 MPa and Poisson’s ratio ν = 0 . 46 .…”

A Review on Finite Element Modeling and Simulation of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

“…The numerical change of the bundles' length under different flexion angles was compared with in vivo results of Yoo et al (2010). Wan et al, 2011 Quantitative analysis of the influence of the effect of different ACL graft reconstructions on the biomechanics of the knee joint.…”

“…Same load scenarios with Bendjaballah et al (1995) and Moglo and Shirazi-Adl (2003) were performed regarding intact ACL and ACL-deficient knee at 0 • of flexion angle. This study used the validated FE model developed in Wan et al (2011). Bae and Cho, 2019 Study of the influence of pretension on the graft in ACLR surgery via stress analysis along with assessment of optimal tunnel position in femur.…”

“…Subsequently, femur rotation and translation, forces and moments, can be applied similar to ordinary FE knee simulations according to the studied application. Concerning the present selected studies, a 134 N anterior load was applied to the tibia in Suggs et al (2003) , Peña et al (2005 , 2006) , Wan et al (2011 , 2017) , Wang et al (2015) . A posterior force of 100 N was applied to the femur in different flexion angles in Naghibi et al (2020) , while ten load cases, from 10 to 100 N, was tested in ( Vairis et al, 2016 ) and an internal tibial torque of 2 Nm was applied in Ramaniraka et al (2007) .…”

“…Three different grafts for the ACLR were investigated in Wan et al (2011) and a neo-Hookean hyperelastic model for ligaments and grafts was used, assuming that the tissues behave isotropically. In particular, the parameters C 1 of the neo-Hookean model for bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) as well as double and quadruple semitendinosus were equal to 58.23, 19.37, and 19.37 MPa, respectively.…”