“…The conclusions are in a good agreement with the majority of published works for the ECAP process, e.g. [26,27]. Friction of 0.3 only was considered in all subsequent variants modelled.…”
“…The conclusions are in a good agreement with the majority of published works for the ECAP process, e.g. [26,27]. Friction of 0.3 only was considered in all subsequent variants modelled.…”
“…[20][21][22] In addition, FEM was also used to analyze the distribution of strain in multiple passes of ECAP, either when an individual billet is pressed repetitively through the die [21,23] or when the billet is pressed through a die having more than one intersection of channels. [24,25] It is well established that pressing through dies with an external curvature at the intersection of the channels leads to a general inhomogeneity in the distribution of strain within the cross section of the billet. [8,10,11,13,15] Specifically, the modeling shows that the amount of strain imposed along the bottom of the billet is lower than at the top of the billet.…”
Magnesium alloys such as ZK60 exhibit strain softening when processed by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP). Finite element modeling (FEM) was used to examine the flow process during ECAP with an emphasis on the importance of the strain-rate sensitivity m. The simulations show there is unstable flow and shear localization for values of m of 0 and 0.01, but the flow is stable for values of 0.05 and 0.1. The flow softening reduces the cross-sectional area of the billet and leads to an enhanced accumulation of damage at the upper surface. The simulations show that the presence of a back pressure increases the ability of the billet to fill the exit channel but does not remove the development of plastic instabilities such as shear concentrations. It is shown that an imposed back pressure reduces the level of the maximum principal stresses in the area in which deformation takes place, and this reduces the tendency for cracking of the billet during the pressing operation.
“…The influence of strain path changes in accelerating rates of microstructure evolution with respect to strains imposed has been well recognised in other severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes. For instance, the rate of grain refinement in pure Al alloys was seen to be accelerated in the B-route of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), this compared to the other routes in ECAP undergoing the same deformation due to presence of strain path changes [33]. Similar effects have been seen in periodic shear-based transient surface generation, where strain path changes coupled with larger pre-strains resulted in greater reductions in grain size [1,34].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 84%
“…The present results also have utility for understanding the role of sequential indentation parameters on strain path changes in the deformed subsurface. In this regard, it has been shown that the rate of microstructure refinement in S 2 PD is sensitive to strain path changes occurring in the subsurface [33]. The influence of strain path changes in accelerating rates of microstructure evolution with respect to strains imposed has been well recognised in other severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes.…”
An experimental study was made to characterise and model the deformation field in sequential circular indentation of a model strain hardening material. Digital image correlation was used to measure the evolving subsurface deformation field in terms of displacement, strain rate and strain as a function of indentation spacing and depth. These measurements were used to validate a finite element model for complementary simulations. The results identify relationships between sequential indentation parameters and overlap of subsurface strain distributions, maximum subsurface strains and indentation loads. Maximum strain and the degree of strain field overlap in the deformed subsurface were maximised when the ratio of indentation spacing (S) to projected indentation contact length (L) was approximately S/L = [1.1, 1.2]. Also discussed are the implications for understanding process-scale considerations for indentation-based mechanical surface treatments, including energy dissipation and relationship of surface coverage measures to subsurface strain overlap. Relative differences in energy expended were found for conditions that produce similar levels of subsurface plastic strain and strain field overlap. Finally, the role of sequential indentation parameters on strain path changes and path reversals in the deformed subsurface is investigated and discussed in the context of heterogeneous mechanics and corresponding effects on subsurface microstructure evolution.
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