The fine structure of the pia mater of the rat

Morse, Dennis E.; Low, F. N.

doi:10.1002/aja.1001330309

Cited by 83 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…However, our data cannot demonstrate whether the IGF-II gene is active in all of the leptomeningeal cells, or in a specific subset [at least two, and possibly more, cellular types constitute the cell population of the leptomeninges (23,24,42)]. Also, our results do not prove that these cells are secretory, although this function is not unlikely.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 70%

“…The detection oftranscriptional activity ofthe rIGF-II gene in both the arachnoid and pial cells, which cannot be discriminated morphologically (22)(23)(24)(25), suggests that they share at least some common function. However, our data cannot demonstrate whether the IGF-II gene is active in all of the leptomeningeal cells, or in a specific subset [at least two, and possibly more, cellular types constitute the cell population of the leptomeninges (23,24,42)].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Expression of the insulin-like growth factor II gene in the choroid plexus and the leptomeninges of the adult rat central nervous system.

Stylianopoulou

Herbert

Soares³

et al. 1988

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

217

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Expression of the insulin-like growth factor II gene in the choroid plexus and the leptomeninges of the adult rat central nervous system ( (4)(5)(6). Transcription from P1 generates the 5' noncoding exon E1(1) (1125 nucleotides; nt), whereas transcription from P2 generates an alternate 5' noncoding exon, E1(2) (94 nt). The two predominant mature mRNAs [4.5 and 3.5 kilobases (kb)] consist of either E1(1) or E1(2), respectively, connected to three additional exons (E2, 163 nt; E3, 149 nt; and E4, 3.1 kb). Among the several other transcripts, a P2-specific mRNA (1.1 kb) includes only a portion of E4 (the first 650 nt) and is generated by differential polyadenylylation.The rIGF-II gene transcripts are present in all fetal or neonatal tissues that we have examined, but they are extremely rare or undetectable in adult tissues, with the exception of the brain and the spinal cord (4). Similar observations have been made by other investigators (5,(7)(8)(9) (10). For RNA blot hybridization, RNA was electrophoresed on formaldehyde/1% agarose gels and then transferred onto nylon membranes. Prehybridization and hybridization were as described (11). The hybridization probes were either uniformly 32P-labeled, mRNA-complementary, singlestranded DNA synthesized on M13 templates (12) or DNA fragments labeled by randomly primed synthesis using pd(N)6 primers, [a-32P]dNTPs, and Klenow enzyme as described (13). S1 nuclease-protection analysis was done as described (4).In Situ Hybridization. Tissues from Sprague-Dawley rats were sectioned and prepared for in situ hybridization as described (14). Hybridization, followed by washing under stringent conditions, autoradiography, exposure to photoemulsion, development, and counterstaining with hematoxylin/eosin were as described (15). The RNA hybridization probes were prepared as follows. A 545-base pair (bp) coding region fragment from rIGF-II cDNA clone 27 (4) was isolated. This fragment extends between a BamHI site located one nucleotide downstream from the ATG initiator and an EcoRI linker present at the end of the fragment three nucleotides downstream from the TGA terminator. The fragment was subcloned into the BamHI and EcoRI sites of the pGEM-1 vector polylinker. Transcription with 17 polymerase from BamHI-linearized plasmid generated antisense probe, whereas transcription with SP6 polymerase from EcoRIlinearized plasmid generated sense (control) probe. Transcription reactions with these polymerases (10-,A vol each) were performed according to the manufacturer's specifications, using 25 ,uM 35S-UTP, 500 The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 70%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of the insulin-like growth factor II gene in the choroid plexus and the leptomeninges of the adult rat central nervous system.

Stylianopoulou

Herbert

Soares³

et al. 1988

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

217

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“…Our preparation had the advantage that the dura and the cranium were not open during the exper iment. The dura of the rat is a 2-5 f..l m thick trans lucent membrane containing very few blood vessels (Morse and Low, 1972); thus, it does not interfere with the LDF signal, as noted by others (Dirnagl et aI., 1989). It was suggested (Hundley et aI., 1988) that the sparsity of cerebral vasomotion was due to anesthesia.…”

Section: Methodological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 59%

Spontaneous Flow Oscillations in the Cerebral Cortex during Acute Changes in Mean Arterial Pressure

Hudetz

Roman

Harder

1992

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

120

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Summary: The purpose of this study was to characterize spontaneous oscillations of blood flow in the cerebral cor tex of anesthetized rats under control conditions and after mean arterial pressure was altered by various means. Blood flow was monitored using a laser-Doppler flowme ter through the closed cranium. Spontaneous flow oscil lations with amplitudes of 14-30% of the mean flow and frequencies of 4-11 cycles/min were recorded when arte rial pressures were less than 90 mm Hg. Stepwise hem orrhagic hypotension and unilateral carotid occlusion in creased the amplitude of oscillations. The amplitude of oscillations was negatively correlated with the level of Cerebral blood flow is well autoregulated in the face of changes in arterial pressure, at the same time it is tightly coupled to cerebral metabolism. Feedback systems with high gain often show oscil latory behavior, and spontaneous oscillations in ce rebral circulatory parameters have been repeatedly demonstrated as periodic variations in blood vol ume (Dora and Kovach, 1980; Tomita et aI., 1981), arterial diameter (Auer andGallhofer, 1981; Gotoh et aI., 1982; Hundley et aI., 1988; Fujii et aI., 1990), oxygen availability (Clark et aI., 1958; Cooper et aI., 1966;Halsey and McFarland, 1974; Manil et aI., 1984), NAD-NADH oxidative state (Dora and Ko vach, 1980), cytochrome a-a3 redox state (J6bsis, 1978), and regional red cell flow assessed by the laser-Doppler flowmetry (Rosenblum et aI., 1987; Fasano et aI., 1988; Dirnagl et aI., 1989 491mean arterial pressure after manipulation with norepi nephrine or sodium nitroprusside. The oscillations were reversibly abolished during dilation of the cerebral circu lation by elevating the inspired carbon dioxide content to 5%. The frequency of flow oscillations was very stable during all of the above maneuvers except during the in fusion of norepinephrine, which increased the oscillation frequency slightly. The results suggest that flow oscilla tions are determined primarily by cerebral arterial pres sure.

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“…Indeed they transform from flat overlapping cells into fusiform or roundish cells provided with microvil lous-like processes. Several studies have demonstrated that the leptomeningeal sheath is composed of fibrocytelike cells [13][14][15] possessing a variable degree of reactiv ity and macrophagic activity against foreign materials and noxious stimuli [15,16]. In our case the changes in the leptomeninx may simply represent an early reaction of macrophage-like leptomeningeal cells to blood extrav asation in the overlying dura mater.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Transcranial Unifocal Stimulation in Rabbit: Subcutaneous and Meningeal Changes

Sancesario¹,

Massa

Petrillo

et al. 1989

Eur Neurol

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The possible acute morphological changes induced by electrical transcranial unifocal stimulation (eTCS) in the rabbit extracerebral tissues were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. In order to do this, a wide range of electric stimuli with respect to those employed in the clinical practice were utilized. Either surface electrodes were attached to the scalp, or needle electrodes were infixed in the subcutaneous tissue. Beneath the cathode a blood extravasation was constantly observed in the subcutaneous tissue of the scalp; the different electrode arrays produced either a large hemorrhagic lesion or a few petechiae. Beneath the anode, the damage was limited to the scalp, or reached the meninges when stimuli longer than 0.2 ms were used. Irrespective of the electrode arrays, the scalp and the dura mater displayed hemorrhagic petechiae over a limited area about 2–3 mm in extent. Moreover, the leptomeningeal membrane was microscopically disrupted over an area less than 1 mm large; therein the squamous, overlapping cells were transformed into fusiform or macrophage-like cells. Unduly intense eTCS produces evident hemorrhagic lesions in the scalp and in the dura mater, whereas it induces microscopic, reactive changes in the leptomeninx.

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The fine structure of the pia mater of the rat

Cited by 83 publications

References 27 publications

Expression of the insulin-like growth factor II gene in the choroid plexus and the leptomeninges of the adult rat central nervous system.

Expression of the insulin-like growth factor II gene in the choroid plexus and the leptomeninges of the adult rat central nervous system.

Spontaneous Flow Oscillations in the Cerebral Cortex during Acute Changes in Mean Arterial Pressure

Transcranial Unifocal Stimulation in Rabbit: Subcutaneous and Meningeal Changes

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