“…These local entities can be particularly hard to track using administrative data, given the sometimes inductive nature of this research; the names of these parties are not the subject of national media attention and they often utilize multiple shell companies to disguise their holdings. There is, however, an increasing and increasingly rich set of studies bringing machine learning and other types of advanced data science techniques to the application of studying property ownership and housing insecurity, suggesting both greater efficiencies and deeper insights into property dynamics (Charles, 2019b;Immergluck et al, 2019;Maharawal & McElroy, 2018;Shelton, 2018;Wachsmuth & Weisler, 2018).…”