“…Numerous studies have established that the crude oil and gold markets exhibit clear financial features and that they are inextricably linked (see, for example, Zhang and Wei, 2010 ; Tiwari and Sahadudheen, 2015 ; Yang et al, 2020 ), particularly during times of economic upheaval ( Nissanke, 2012 ; Oztek and Ocal, 2017 ; Junttila et al, 2018 ; Tanin et al, 2022 ), such as the economic turmoil caused by COVID-19 pandemic. For example, Dutta et al (2020) , Gharib et al (2021) and Salisu et al (2021) demonstrate gold has hedging effectiveness against risks related to crude oil, notably during the pandemic period.…”