“…A number of studies show that the finance-growth relationship is not as straightforward as generally found in the literature. For example, De Gregorio and Guidotti (1995), Fernandez and Galetovic (1994), Luintel and Khan (1999), Ram (1999), Andersen and Tarp (2003), Favara (2003), Naceur and Ghazouani (2007), Hsueh et al (2013), Carr e and L'óillet (2018) and Smolo (2020Smolo ( , 2022 show that the causal relationship between financial development and economic growth is sensitive to the use of financial development indicators and the adoption of econometric techniques and sample periods. Finally, Lucas (1988) asserts that economic growth is not responsive to financial sector development, implying no causal relationship between finance and growth.…”