The fetal circulation

Kiserud, Torvid; Acharya, Ganesh

doi:10.1002/pd.1062

Cited by 216 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 107 publications

(124 reference statements)

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“…Fetuses acquire nutrients from the maternal system via the utero-placental circulation and umbilical vein throughout gestation (Kiserud and Acharya, 2004), and transfer of nutrients from mother to fetus is impaired in pregnancies with reduced blood flow in piglets which exhibit signs of IUGR (Reynolds et al, 2006;Kim et al, 2013). Furthermore, the composition of nutrients, gases, and other molecules in the umbilical vein blood is different between normal and IUGR fetuses.…”

Section: Placental Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Within-litter variation in birth weight: impact of nutritional status in the sow

Yuan

Zhu

Shi

et al. 2015

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

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Accompanying the beneficial improvement in litter size from genetic selection for high-prolificacy sows, within-litter variation in birth weight has increased with detrimental effects on post-natal growth and survival due to an increase in the proportion of piglets with low birth-weight. Causes of within-litter variation in birth weight include breed characteristics that affect uterine space, ovulation rate, degree of maturation of oocytes, duration of time required for ovulation, interval between ovulation and fertilization, uterine capacity for implantation and placentation, size and efficiency of placental transport of nutrients, communication between conceptus/fetus and maternal systems, as well as nutritional status and environmental influences during gestation. Because these factors contribute to within-litter variation in birth weight, nutritional status of the sow to improve fetal-placental development must focus on the following three important stages in the reproductive cycle: pre-mating or weaning to estrus, early gestation and late gestation. The goal is to increase the homogeneity of development of oocytes and conceptuses, decrease variations in conceptus development during implantation and placentation, and improve birth weights of newborn piglets. Though some progress has been made in nutritional regulation of within-litter variation in the birth weight of piglets, additional studies, with a focus on and insights into molecular mechanisms of reproductive physiology from the aspects of maternal growth and offspring development, as well as their regulation by nutrients provided to the sow, are urgently needed.

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Section: Placental Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Within-litter variation in birth weight: impact of nutritional status in the sow

Yuan

Zhu

Shi

et al. 2015

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

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“…The venous pulsatility index (PIV) was used to assess atrial contraction and preload conditions. 25 To assess reproducibility of ultrasound measurements, the intraclass correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation between and among observers were calculated in 12 subjects for various Doppler measurements. One observer performed the measurements; subsequently, the other observer did the same, after which the first examiner repeated the process.…”

Section: Fetal Circulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal Hemodynamic Adaptive Changes Related to Intrauterine Growth

Verburg¹,

Jaddoe²,

Wladimiroff³

et al. 2008

Circulation

134

131

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Background-It has been suggested that an adverse fetal environment increases susceptibility to hypertension and cardiovascular disease in adult life. This increased risk may result from suboptimal development of the heart and main arteries in utero and from adaptive cardiovascular changes in conditions of reduced fetal growth. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether reduced fetal growth is associated with fetal circulatory changes and cardiac dysfunction. Methods and Results-This study was embedded in a population-based, prospective cohort study starting in early fetal life.Fetal growth characteristics and fetal circulation variables were assessed with ultrasound and Doppler examinations in 1215 healthy women. The fetal circulation was examined in relation to estimated fetal weight. Higher placental resistance indices were strongly associated with decreased fetal growth. Cerebral resistance showed a gradual decline with reduced fetal growth. Cardiac output, peak systolic velocity of the outflow tracts, and cardiac compliance showed a gradual reduction with diminished fetal growth, whereas intraventricular pressure gradually increased. Conclusions-Decreased

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“…Within the liver, oxygenated blood passes through the ductus venosus to enter the left hepatic vein near its confluence with the IVC. In an uncomplicated pregnancy, 30% of blood is diverted through the ductus venosus at 20 weeks gestation with a reduction to 20% from 30 weeks gestation until term 31 . The remaining oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein enters the left and right portal veins of the liver, and drains into the IVC via the right hepatic vein.…”

Section: Umbilical Cord Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

The development, structure and blood flow within the umbilical cord with particular reference to the venous system

Spurway

Logan

Pak

2012

Australas J Ultrason Med

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The umbilical cord is a helical and tubular blood conduit connecting the foetus to the placenta. The umbilical cord achieves its final form by the 12th week of gestation and normally contains two arteries and a single vein, all embedded in Wharton's jelly. The structure of the umbilical cord receives only a cursory glance during many obstetric ultrasound examinations: with imaging limited to documenting the number of vessels within the cord and the insertion sites at the foetus and placenta. Extensive research into blood flow characteristics of the umbilical cord arteries has been undertaken and is now widely applied in contemporary ultrasound practice. In contrast, investigation of umbilical vein blood flow is only instigated in instances of foetal compromise when the spectral waveform of the ductus venosus and pulsations in the vein are scrutinised. The current level of ultrasound imaging of the umbilical vein demonstrates a lack of appreciation and knowledge about a structure that is crucial to sustaining foetal life.The goal of this review is to increase awareness of the importance of the umbilical cord. In addition, this review will provide an information platform for undertaking and critically analysing research into the umbilical cord by providing a summary of cord embryology, structure, foetal venous circulation and mechanisms of blood flow within the umbilical cord vein.

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The fetal circulation

Cited by 216 publications

References 107 publications

Within-litter variation in birth weight: impact of nutritional status in the sow

Within-litter variation in birth weight: impact of nutritional status in the sow

Fetal Hemodynamic Adaptive Changes Related to Intrauterine Growth

The development, structure and blood flow within the umbilical cord with particular reference to the venous system

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