The fertility effects of public pension: Evidence from the new rural pension scheme in China

Zheng, Shen; Zheng, Xiaodong; Yang, Hualei

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234657

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Previous studies have suggested that a variety of social security programs may alter financial incentives regarding fertility ( 30 , 31 ). We captured this effect with three measures: a maternity insurance dummy (1 if the respondent was covered by maternity insurance), a health insurance dummy (1 if the respondent was covered by any type of social health insurance), and a public pension dummy (1 if the respondent participated in the governmental pension scheme).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female Off-Farm Employment and Fertility Timing in Rural China

Zheng

Zhao

Ren

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundAdvanced maternal age is associated with fetal outcomes such as higher risks of birth defects and very low birth weight. Off-farm employment is an important factor in fertility transition in many developing countries. This study investigated the association between off-farm employment and fertility timing among Chinese rural women.MethodUsing data from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS), we employed the ordinary least squares and instrumental variable approaches to estimate the effect of female off-farm employment on fertility timing decisions as well as the differences in the effect across groups.ResultsThe results show that off-farm employment participation is significantly associated with a later age at first birth, and the effect is stronger for women participating in wage employment than in off-farm self-employment. The delayed effects on fertility timing are also more pronounced for less-educated women and low-income families, implying a heterogeneous effect in terms of women's socioeconomic status.ConclusionStudies of the relationship between women's off-farm employment and fertility timing in rural areas of developing countries remain limited. This study provides important insights on this topic, and it lends support to efforts to design effective policies and practices to facilitate female employment, childbearing, and health promotion.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female Off-Farm Employment and Fertility Timing in Rural China

Zheng

Zhao

Ren

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

Self Cite

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“…Scholars have richly explored the causes of low fertility levels in China, offering explanations in terms of modernization and its associates [e.g., economic development ( Wang and Chi, 2017 ; Yu et al, 2021 ), rising female educational ( Zhao, 2019 ; Chen et al, 2022 ), health ( Clark et al, 2020 ; Zhang, 2020 )], fertility policies ( Jia, 2009 ; Zeng and Hesketh, 2016 ; Zhang, 2017 ), and individual factors ( Wei et al, 2018 ; Shen et al, 2020 ; Wang and Qiao, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ), respectively. Most of these studies have been analyzed in the framework of economic, wherein the decision to have children is examined based on cost–benefit analyses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The contributions of this paper are threefold: first, this study improved the theoretical framework of fertility decision-making, as social norms are the bridge between micro-and macro-factors that affect fertility intentions. Second, most existing studies have focused on explaining fertility from an economic perspective ( Wei et al, 2018 ; Zhao, 2019 ; Shen et al, 2020 ; Wang and Qiao, 2020 ; Chen et al, 2022 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ), thus failing to acknowledge human beings as social beings. The individual fertility decision is affected by the social norms of the reference group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social norms and fertility intentions: Evidence from China

Liang

2022

Front. Psychol.

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China’s low fertility rates are a major concern across all sectors of society. Fertility is a major issue related to economy, society and family development. Based on social norms theory, this paper explores the influence of social norms on individuals’ fertility intentions from two perspectives: spatial proximity and social proximity. Using data from the China Family Panel Studies, we found that individual’s fertility intentions were influenced by social norms; both neighborhood social norms and group social norms had significant effects. The role of social norms in shaping individual fertility intentions varied by gender, hukou, and life course; specifically, men, rural residents, and married individuals were more significantly influenced by social norms. This study improves the theoretical framework of fertility decision making by arguing that in addition to macro and individual factors, social norms have a very important influence on fertility intentions. Our findings suggest that reshaping social norms regarding fertility is essential to enhance fertility rates in China.

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“…In this study, the difference-in-difference model is used for the robustness test (Etinzock and Kollamparambil 2019). The difference-in-difference model can effectively solve the problem of endogeneity among variables (Shen et al 2020). The difference-in-difference method is often used in policy evaluation models (Encina 2013).…”

Section: Did Tests For the Relationship Between Occupational Pension ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Occupational Pension, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and Organizational Resilience: A Study on Listed Chinese Companies

Wang,

Zhang,

Wang

et al. 2024

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Numerous researchers acknowledge that the occupational pension protects employees. However, in China, the total cost of occupational pensions is shared between employees and employers, representing a significant financial commitment. This study aimed to explore the effect of the occupational pension on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and organizational resilience. Drawing on insights from cost-stickiness and resource-based theories, we developed a model that elucidated the influence of occupational pensions on firms’ approaches to CSR within the context of COVID-19 and how this, in turn, impacted organizational resilience. This study categorized CSR into strategic and responsive activities, employing the concept of cost stickiness as a framework. We analyzed a sample of 34,145 observations from Chinese A-share listed companies spanning the period 2010–2023 to examine the influence of occupational pension adjustments on CSR strategies. The findings of this study revealed that the cost pressure associated with contributions to occupational pensions prompted firms to decrease their engagement in responsive CSR activities while enhancing their strategic CSR initiatives. Furthermore, it was observed that strategic CSR contributed to improved organizational resilience, whereas responsive CSR did not exhibit the same effect. The relationship between occupational pension contributions and CSR was found to be significantly and negatively moderated by factors such as the minimum wage and population aging. Conversely, the relationship between CSR and organizational resilience was significantly and positively moderated by digital transformation and marketing capabilities.

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The fertility effects of public pension: Evidence from the new rural pension scheme in China

Cited by 19 publications

References 32 publications

Female Off-Farm Employment and Fertility Timing in Rural China

Female Off-Farm Employment and Fertility Timing in Rural China

Social norms and fertility intentions: Evidence from China

Relationship between Occupational Pension, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and Organizational Resilience: A Study on Listed Chinese Companies

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