The fence and picket structure of the plasma membrane of live cells as revealed by single molecule techniques (Review)

Ritchie, Ken; Iino, Ryota; Fujiwara, Takeshi; Murase, Kotono; Kusumi, Akihiro

doi:10.1080/09687680307076

Cited by 31 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…Diffusion measurements in a variety of cells suggest a characteristic domain size of 30-300 nm [19,20]. This is on the same order as the fine mesh seen here, but substantially smaller than the coarse mesh.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Modes of remodeling in the cortical cytoskeleton of vascular endothelial cells

Pesen

Hoh

2004

FEBS Letters

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The cortical cytoskeleton of vascular endothelial cells plays an important role in responding to mechanical stimuli and controlling the distribution of cell surface proteins. Here, we have used atomic force microscopy to visualize the dynamics of cortical cytoskeleton in living bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. We demonstrate that the cortical cytoskeleton, organized as a complex polygonal mesh, is highly dynamic and shows two modes of remodeling: intact-boundary-mode where mesh element boundaries remain intact but move at 0.08 lm/ min allowing the mesh element to change shape, and alteredboundary-mode where new mesh boundaries form and existing ones disappear.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Modes of remodeling in the cortical cytoskeleton of vascular endothelial cells

Pesen

Hoh

2004

FEBS Letters

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“…In this context, it is notable that several studies showed formation of GM1-rich microdomains within the ordered phase of model membranes (Vie et al, 1998;Yuan and Johnston, 2000;Yuan et al, 2002), suggesting that glycolipids are capable of self-organization (but please note that other studies failed to observe the clustering of charged gangliosides; Thompson et al, 1985;Wang and Silvius, 2003). Furthermore, the extracellular matrix, the cytoskeleton, and membrane proteins may influence distribution of membrane molecules in various ways (Edidin, 2003;Ritchie et al, 2003;Mukherjee and Maxfield, 2004). These results raised a possibility that those nonraft factors are sufficient to generate the GM1 cluster in mouse fibroblasts and that rafts are not involved.…”

Section: Gm1 Clustering In the Cell Membranementioning

confidence: 98%

Gangliosides GM1 and GM3 in the Living Cell Membrane Form Clusters Susceptible to Cholesterol Depletion and Chilling

Fujita¹,

Cheng²,

Hirakawa

et al. 2007

MBoC

217

173

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Presence of microdomains has been postulated in the cell membrane, but two-dimensional distribution of lipid molecules has been difficult to determine in the submicrometer scale. In the present paper, we examined the distribution of gangliosides GM1 and GM3, putative raft molecules in the cell membrane, by immunoelectron microscopy using quick-frozen and freeze-fractured specimens. This method physically immobilized molecules in situ and thus minimized the possibility of artifactual perturbation. By point pattern analysis of immunogold labeling, GM1 was shown to make clusters of <100 nm in diameter in normal mouse fibroblasts. GM1-null fibroblasts were not labeled, but developed a similar clustered pattern when GM1 was administered. On cholesterol depletion or chilling, the clustering of both endogenous and exogenously-loaded GM1 decreased significantly, but the distribution showed marked regional heterogeneity in the cells. GM3 also showed cholesterol-dependent clustering, and although clusters of GM1 and GM3 were found to occasionally coincide, these aggregates were separated in most cases, suggesting the presence of heterogeneous microdomains. The present method enabled to capture the molecular distribution of lipids in the cell membrane, and demonstrated that GM1 and GM3 form clusters that are susceptible to cholesterol depletion and chilling. INTRODUCTIONMicrodomains enriched with cholesterol and sphingolipids, or rafts, have been postulated to exist in the cell membrane (Simons and Ikonen, 1997). Domains showing a liquid-ordered state have been visualized in model membranes (Korlach et al., 1999;Dietrich et al., 2001a), but whether similar domains exist in the biological membranes of living cells, and what their basic properties would be, including size, life span and dynamics, are still under debate (Simons and Ikonen, 1997;Edidin, 2003;Munro, 2003;Kusumi et al., 2004;Mayor and Rao, 2004;Mukherjee and Maxfield, 2004). Recent results, obtained by single-particle tracking and fluorescent resonance energy transfer experiments, have suggested that rafts in normal unstimulated cells are extremely small and may last for Ͻ1 ms (Kenworthy et al., 2004;Kusumi et al., 2004;Sharma et al., 2004). Detergent-resistant membranes have often been regarded as an in vitro correlate of rafts, but detergents themselves have been found to cause domain formation artificially (Heerklotz, 2002). These results have thus posed questions regarding the true existence of rafts in living, nonstimulated cells. In addition, although microscopic identification of rafts has been attempted in a number of studies, putative raft molecules generally show diffuse distribution in the cell membrane without any concentration at the resolution of light microscopy. This result has been interpreted in several different ways, i.e., that rafts do not in fact exist, rafts are too small to be resolved by light microscopy, rafts occupy the majority of the membrane, or rafts do exist but may be disrupted by experimental procedures.GM1 has been generally re...

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“…Kusumi et al have pioneered a picket-fence model controlling lateral diffusion of membrane proteins and lipids (Ritchie et al 2003). In this model, actin filaments apposed to the cytosolic side of the membrane would form hurdles impeding diffusion.…”

Section: The Dynamic Organization Of the Plasma Membranementioning

confidence: 99%

Membrane Organization and Lipid Rafts

Simons¹,

Sampaio²

2011

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

886

806

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Cell membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer, containing proteins that span the bilayer and/or interact with the lipids on either side of the two leaflets. Although recent advances in lipid analytics show that membranes in eukaryotic cells contain hundreds of different lipid species, the function of this lipid diversity remains enigmatic. The basic structure of cell membranes is the lipid bilayer, composed of two apposing leaflets, forming a twodimensional liquid with fascinating properties designed to perform the functions cells require. To coordinate these functions, the bilayer has evolved the propensity to segregate its constituents laterally. This capability is based on dynamic liquid-liquid immiscibility and underlies the raft concept of membrane subcompartmentalization. This principle combines the potential for sphingolipid-cholesterol self-assembly with protein specificity to focus and regulate membrane bioactivity. Here we will review the emerging principles of membrane architecture with special emphasis on lipid organization and domain formation.

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The fence and picket structure of the plasma membrane of live cells as revealed by single molecule techniques (Review)

Cited by 31 publications

References 0 publications

Modes of remodeling in the cortical cytoskeleton of vascular endothelial cells

Modes of remodeling in the cortical cytoskeleton of vascular endothelial cells

Gangliosides GM1 and GM3 in the Living Cell Membrane Form Clusters Susceptible to Cholesterol Depletion and Chilling

Membrane Organization and Lipid Rafts

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