The Female Runner: Gender Specifics

Lynch, Stacy; Hoch, Anne Z.

doi:10.1016/j.csm.2010.03.003

Cited by 36 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 140 publications

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“…In addition, the higher body fat of women is advantageous for swimming because of the increased buoyancy (Hatfield & Pugh, 1951). Another reason could be the effect of gravity on inclinations that influences cycling and in particular running but not swimming (Lynch & Hoch, 2010;Tanaka & Seals, 1997). However, it has also been shown that in open-water ultra-endurance swimmers, only the swimming speed during training was related to performance in women, whereas body mass, length of arms, stature and speed during training were also related to performance in men (Knechtle et al, 2010b).…”

Section: Sex-based Differences In the 'English Channel Swim'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Best performances by men and women open-water swimmers during the ‘English Channel Swim’ from 1900 to 2010

Eichenberger

Knechtle

Knechtle³

et al. 2012

Journal of Sports Sciences

117

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Little research has examined ultra-endurance swimming performances. The 'English Channel Swim', where swimmers have to cover a distance of 32 km between England and France represents a unique long-distance, open-water, sea-swimming challenge, and each year swimmers from all over the world try to succeed in this challenge. The best times in minutes and the nationality of successful men and women swimmers were analysed from 1900 to 2010. A total of 1,533 swimmers (455 women and 1,078 men) from more than 40 countries have successfully completed the 'English Channel Swim'. Great Britain was the country most represented, with 38% of the total, followed by the United States with 20%. Swim speed has increased progressively for both sexes (P < 0. women's open-water ultra-swim performances.

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Section: Sex-based Differences In the 'English Channel Swim'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Best performances by men and women open-water swimmers during the ‘English Channel Swim’ from 1900 to 2010

Eichenberger

Knechtle

Knechtle³

et al. 2012

Journal of Sports Sciences

117

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“…Apart from age, sex has been distinguished as an important influencing factor of running performance (5,26,27). For example, men have larger hearts, a higher cardiac output, and a greater muscular strength compared with women (5,39). Sex differences in physiological and anthropometric characteristics may explain the better performance in men compared with women for endurance running (5,27,39).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, men have larger hearts, a higher cardiac output, and a greater muscular strength compared with women (5,39). Sex differences in physiological and anthropometric characteristics may explain the better performance in men compared with women for endurance running (5,27,39). Several studies investigated the sex differences in running performance and suggested that the sex gap would narrow with increasing length of the race distance (1,51).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance and Age of the Fastest Female and Male 100-km Ultramarathoners Worldwide From 1960 to 2012

Cejka¹,

Knechtle²,

Rüst³

et al. 2015

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the change in 100-km running performance and in the age of peak performance for 100-km ultramarathoners. Age and running speed of the annual fastest women and men in all 100-km ultramarathons held worldwide between 1960 and 2012 were analyzed in 148,017 finishes with 18,998 women and 129,019 men using single, multivariate, and nonlinear regressions. Running speed of the annual fastest men increased from 8.67 to 15.65 km·h and from 8.06 to 13.22 km·h for the annual fastest women. For the annual 10 fastest men, running speed increased from 10.23 ± 1.22 to 15.05 ± 0.29 km·h (p < 0.0001) and for the annual 10 fastest women from 7.18 ± 1.54 to 13.03 ± 0.18 km·h (p < 0.0001). The sex difference decreased from 56.1 to 16.3% for the annual fastest finishers (p < 0.0001) and from 46.7 ± 8.7% to 14.0 ± 1.2% for the annual 10 fastest finishers (p < 0.0001). The age of the annual fastest men increased from 29 to 40 years (p = 0.025). For the annual fastest women, the age remained unchanged at 35.0 ± 9.7 years (p = 0.469). For the annual 10 fastest women and men, the age remained unchanged at 34.9 ± 3.2 (p = 0.902) and 34.5 ± 2.5 years (p = 0.064), respectively. To summarize, 100-km ultramarathoners became faster, the sex difference in performance decreased but the age of the fastest finishers remained unchanged at 35 years. For athletes and coaches to plan a career as 100-km ultramarathoner, the age of the fastest female and male 100-km ultramarathoners remained unchanged at 35 years between 1960 and 2012 although the runners improved their performance over time. (5): 1180-1190, 2015-The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the change in 100-km running performance and in the age of peak performance for 100-km ultramarathoners. Age and running speed of the annual fastest women and men in all 100-km ultramarathons held worldwide between 1960 and 2012 were analyzed in 148,017 finishes with 18,998 women and 129,019 men using single, multivariate, and nonlinear regressions. Running speed of the annual fastest men increased from 8.67 to 15.65 km$h 21 and from 8.06 to 13.22 km$h 21 for the annual fastest women. For the annual 10 fastest men, running speed increased from 10.23 6 1.22 to 15.05 6 0.29 km$h 21 (p , 0.0001) and for the annual 10 fastest women from 7.18 6 1.54 to 13.03 6 0.18 km$h 21 (p , 0.0001). The sex difference decreased from 56.1 to 16.3% for the annual fastest finishers (p , 0.0001) and from 46.7 6 8.7% to 14.0 6 1.2% for the annual 10 fastest finishers (p , 0.0001). The age of the annual fastest men increased from 29 to 40 years (p = 0.025). For the annual fastest women, the age remained unchanged at 35.0 6 9.7 years (p = 0.469). For the annual 10 fastest women and men, the age remained unchanged at 34.9 6 3.2 (p = 0.902) and 34.5 6 2.5 years (p = 0.064), respectively. To summarize, 100-km ultramarathoners became faster, the sex difference in performance decreased but the age of the fastest finishers remained unchanged a...

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“…5 Women have a wider pelvis, coupled with a hypoplastic vastus medialis obliquus muscle and weak hip abductor muscles, resulting in less knee joint stability. A typically lower cardiac output leads to a lower blood supply to muscles during exercise.…”

Section: Greater Predisposition Of Women To Acl Tears and Oa Of The Kneementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4] This is due, in part, to differences in body composition, bone mineral density (BMD), and gait biomechanics. 5 Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a common long-term complication of tears of the ACL, 6 meniscus, or knee cartilage. 7 The incidence of knee OA is higher in women than in men, whether related to trauma or other causes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacologic Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis in Athletic Women

Altman

Fowler

2011

The Physician and Sportsmedicine

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There is a greater incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears due to noncontact sports injuries in women compared with men. Anterior cruciate ligament tears are associated with accelerated development of knee osteoarthritis (OA), which is also more prevalent in women than in men. This article considers therapeutic modalities that are best suited for athletic women with knee OA. Clinical data on the safety and efficacy of pharmacotherapies for knee OA, including acetaminophen, oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and topical NSAIDs, are discussed, with attention paid to special considerations for women who participate in athletic activity. Adverse events associated with the use of acetaminophen and oral NSAIDs place potential limits on the dose and duration of therapy and may be of greater concern in female athletes than in other patient groups. Topical NSAIDs, which effect relief through the same mechanism of action as oral NSAIDs, produce dramatically lower systemic NSAID exposure compared with oral NSAIDs and are associated with a lower incidence of systemic adverse events. These findings, along with additional future studies, may have particular relevance to the choice of the most effective treatment options for athletic women with OA of the knee.

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The Female Runner: Gender Specifics

Cited by 36 publications

References 140 publications

Best performances by men and women open-water swimmers during the ‘English Channel Swim’ from 1900 to 2010

Best performances by men and women open-water swimmers during the ‘English Channel Swim’ from 1900 to 2010

Performance and Age of the Fastest Female and Male 100-km Ultramarathoners Worldwide From 1960 to 2012

Pharmacologic Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis in Athletic Women

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