The Female Athlete Triad: Disordered Eating, Amenorrhea, Osteoporosis

Nattiv, Aurelia; Agostini, Rosemary; Yeager, Kimberly K.; Drinkwater, Barbara L.

doi:10.1123/wspaj.2.1.90

Cited by 23 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…This is consistent with research suggesting a greater incidence of stress fractures in females as compared to males. 2,30,32,34,54 Based on prior research, this finding may be related to issues of the female athlete triad, which involves eating disorder, menstrual changes, and bone demineralization 2,[30][31][32]34,39,54 ; but these factors were not assessed in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Exercise-Related Leg Pain in Collegiate Cross-Country Athletes: Extrinsic and Intrinsic Risk Factors

Reinking¹,

Austin²,

Hayes³

2007

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Exercise-Related Leg Pain in Collegiate Cross-Country Athletes: Extrinsic and Intrinsic Risk Factors

Reinking¹,

Austin²,

Hayes³

2007

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The "female-athlete triad," which is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, 21,22 is characterized by disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and osteoporosis. [21][22][23] In the general population, the prevalence of eating disorders is about 1 percent for anorexia and 1 to 3 percent for bulimia. 24 Among female athletes, however, the prevalence of eating disorders is reported to be between 15 percent and 62 percent.…”

Section: The Female-athlete Triadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myocardial Revascularization — Bypass Surgery or Angioplasty?

Simoons¹

1996

N Engl J Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Utilising the strict DSM-IV diagnosis for clinical eating disorders yields a prevalence between 1% and 3%, 18 whereas the more ambiguous term 'disordered eating' opens up the diagnostic criteria, yielding larger prevalence outcomes between 15% and 62%. 1 Similarly, the expanded definition of menstrual dysfunction to include oligomenorrhoea, luteal suppression and anovulation has seen prevalence increase from 6% to as high as 79%. 16,19 Finally, studies utilising the WHO classification for bone mineral density found 22 -50% of patients with osteopenia, and virtually 0% having osteoporosis.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, both evaluations require self-reporting, with inherent limitations due to underreporting of symptoms. 1 The heterogeneity of the population being investigated for the female athlete triad has also created discrepancies in prevalence. The age of an athlete significantly affects their risk for each component of the triad, as does their stage in growth, development and menarche.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The female athlete triad: a current concepts review

George¹

2016

S Afr J SM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IntroductionSimilar to the increases seen in athletic participation within the United States, female athletic participation continues to increase worldwide. An examination of the participation of women in the Olympic Games over the last century appears to support this. Female participation has steadily increased, most dramatically over the past 50 years. The most recent summer Olympics in Beijing (2008) saw the highest rate of female participation with a total of 4 746 women participating, representing a record 42% of athletes. Women remain underrepresented in sport in South Africa, but consistent and progressive rates of participation are being appreciated throughout the country. As rates of female participation continue to increase throughout the country, it is important to consider the unique health challenges that female athletes may encounter.For most female athletes, sports participation is a positive experience, providing improved physical fitness, enhanced selfesteem and better physical and mental health.1 However, this increased activity has also led to the emergence of a unique combination of medical problems and injuries specific to the female athlete. This includes a unique triad to conditions specific to the female athlete that include energy availability, menstrual function and bone mineral density. DefinitionsIn 1992, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recognised the association of three distinct entities with female athletes. The female athlete triad was originally defined as the combination of disordered eating, amenorrhoea and osteoporosis found in physically active girls and women. 2 Further research since then proved these entities to be far too narrow in scope, existing only at the extreme endpoint of the disorder's spectrum. 3 By 2007, the ACSM revised position statement modified the three components of the triad into energy availability, menstrual function and bone mineral density. 4 Each of these components consists on a continuum from healthy to subclinical to pathological.Energy intake from diet is necessary for various physiological functions. Energy expenditure is the energy expended by the body during normal daily activities and exercise training. Energy availability defines the amount of energy remaining for physiological functions after expended from physical activity. Decreased caloric consumption and/or increased exercise energy expenditure results in low energy available for normal physiology functions, including cellular maintenance, thermoregulation, growth and reproduction.Clinical eating disorders, namely anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and eating disorders not otherwise specified, exist on the extreme end of this category. However, these conditions carry a largely psychiatric component for diagnosis.5 A larger population of female athletes practise unhealthy eating and weight control behaviours with significant impact on their health without the psychiatric element. Such subclinical eating disorders include prolonged fasting, low caloric diets, binge eating, ...

show abstract

The Female Athlete Triad: Disordered Eating, Amenorrhea, Osteoporosis

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Exercise-Related Leg Pain in Collegiate Cross-Country Athletes: Extrinsic and Intrinsic Risk Factors

Exercise-Related Leg Pain in Collegiate Cross-Country Athletes: Extrinsic and Intrinsic Risk Factors

Myocardial Revascularization — Bypass Surgery or Angioplasty?

The female athlete triad: a current concepts review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About