The Female Athlete Triad

VanBaak, Karin; Olson, David E.

doi:10.1249/jsr.0000000000000222

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…In elite training, athletes may present with low energy availability (LEA), which can occur secondary to inadvertent inadequate intake or from disordered eating. The female athlete triad was historically denoted by LEA, menstrual dysfunction and low bone mineral density 51 283 284. Male athletes may present with an analogous condition characterised by LEA, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and low bone mineral density 285.…”

Section: Specific Mental Health Symptoms and Disorders In Elite Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019)

et al. 2019

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Mental health symptoms and disorders are common among elite athletes, may have sport related manifestations within this population and impair performance. Mental health cannot be separated from physical health, as evidenced by mental health symptoms and disorders increasing the risk of physical injury and delaying subsequent recovery. There are no evidence or consensus based guidelines for diagnosis and management of mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes. Diagnosis must differentiate character traits particular to elite athletes from psychosocial maladaptations.Management strategies should address all contributors to mental health symptoms and consider biopsychosocial factors relevant to athletes to maximise benefit and minimise harm. Management must involve both treatment of affected individual athletes and optimising environments in which all elite athletes train and compete. To advance a more standardised, evidence based approach to mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes, an International Olympic Committee Consensus Work Group critically evaluated the current state of science and provided recommendations.

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Section: Specific Mental Health Symptoms and Disorders In Elite Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019)

et al. 2019

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“…Nutritional counseling and monitoring can usually be sufficient interventions, but more complex therapeutic strategies are granted for severe cases ( 12 ). Energy intake should be increased by 300–600 kcal/day, physical exercise should be decreased, and concomitant eating disorders require specialized treatment ( 44 ). An increase in calcium intake and vitamin D is important; in the presence of low BMI, athletes should participate in 2–3 days per week of high-impact loading and resistance training ( 44 ).…”

Section: Synthesis Of the Available Data Regarding Anorexia Athleticamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Screening programs should target evidence-based risk factors, i.e., dietary restriction, current or history of disordered eating, low BMI or recent weight loss, delayed menarche, history of current amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, history of fractures, including multiple low-risk fractures, or single high-risk fracture ( 44 ).…”

Section: Synthesis Of the Available Data Regarding Anorexia Athleticamentioning

confidence: 99%

Current trends and perspectives in the exploration of anorexia athletica-clinical challenges and therapeutic considerations

Vasiliu¹

2023

Front. Nutr.

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Elite athletes are exposed to a considerable amount of physical and psychological stress throughout their entire professional life, but the exploration of the consequences of this stressful regimen on mental health is still in its early stages. Eating disorders (EDs), substance use disorders, and behavioral addictions represent only several domains that are worth more investigation in this vulnerable population, in order to find preventative and therapeutic strategies. The exploration of EDs in athletes is important because this population is very vulnerable to the impact that weight and body shape may have on their professional performances, and epidemiological studies support this concern, i.e., the prevalence of EDs in athletes is significantly higher than in the general population. This article is dedicated to the synthesis of available data regarding a specific pathology reported in elite athletes, i.e., anorexia athletica (AA), based on a narrative reviewing methodology. The information about risk factors, pathophysiology, positive and differential diagnosis, epidemiology, structured evaluation, and treatment of AA have been summarized and future research directions have been highlighted. While tentative diagnostic criteria for AA and a self-administered questionnaire exist, its pathophysiology is still insufficiently explored, and the treatment is not based on good-quality trials. According to the retrieved data, more research targeting the physical and mental health of elite athletes, especially those practicing esthetic sports, is needed, in order to implement adequate screening and early intervention programs. Future studies targeting various sub-populations of elite athletes, i.e., esthetic vs. non-esthetic sports, individuals presenting a history of ED vs. those without such a history, and those practicing individual sports vs. team sports are needed to reach the objective of improving the quality of life in this population.

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“…RED-S recognises that male and female athletes can suffer from the effects of low energy availability, incorporating multi-dimensional symptoms including disruptions in cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, haematological, metabolic, endocrine, immunological and psychological function [ 1 ]. It is estimated that 70% of elite athletes suffer with ≥1 symptom of RED-S [ 2 , 3 ]. This high prevalence is of great concern and may impact athletes’ physical and psychological health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lightweight rowers’ perspectives of living with Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S)

2022

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Objective To compete in lightweight rowing, strict limits are placed on the maximum body weight of each individual. As a result, lightweight rowers commonly restrict calorie intake despite high energy expenditure. This can result in Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). The aim of this study is to investigate the physical and psychosocial impact of RED-S, from the perspective of lightweight rowers. Design Semi-structured individual qualitative interviews. Participants Adults living in the United Kingdom who are current or former lightweight rowing participants and experienced ≥1 symptom of RED-S. Method Audio-recorded semi-structured individual telephone interviews were performed. Data was analysed using an inductive thematic approach, coding was iterative and data-driven, facilitated by NVivo software. Results Twelve current or former lightweight rowers (intermediate to international standard, 67% female, aged 19–32 years) participated. Participants restricted calories and increased energy expenditure to elicit weight-loss in order to meet weight requirements. This resulted in psychosocial implications (reduced social interaction, difficulty maintaining relationships, poor emotional regulation, low mood, poor concentration, disordered eating, guilt and anxiety around food, and a negative body image). Some psychosocial implications persisted after retirement from lightweight rowing. Participants described a range of physical implications, including disrupted sleep, decreased performance and recovery, bowel disruption, menstrual dysfunction, fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, injury and weakened immune systems. Conclusions This study describes short and long-term physical and psychosocial impacts of RED-S from the perspective of lightweight rowers. Findings highlight the importance of effective RED-S prevention and management strategies for lightweight rowers. These findings may be used to educate health-care professionals, coaches and athletes on the personal impacts and serious health consequences of RED-S.

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The Female Athlete Triad

Cited by 7 publications

References 3 publications

Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019)

Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019)

Current trends and perspectives in the exploration of anorexia athletica-clinical challenges and therapeutic considerations

Lightweight rowers’ perspectives of living with Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S)

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