The feeder system of the Toba supervolcano from the slab to the shallow reservoir

Koulakov, Ivan; Kasatkina, Ekaterina; Shapiro, N. M.; Jaupart, Claude; Vasilevsky, Alexander; Khrepy, Sami El; Al-Arifi, Nassir; Smirnov, S. Z.

doi:10.1038/ncomms12228

Cited by 57 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…In this case, it becomes clear that this anomaly might indicate the area of ascended magmas along a weakened fracture zone associated with a regional tectonic fault. Similar association of the volcano locations with tectonic faults is a rather common feature observed, for example, in the area of the Toba supervolcano (Koulakov et al, ) and Tolbachik in Kamchatka (Koulakov et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Saint Helen has provided evidence of magmatic sources located below a thick layer of sediments (Bedrosian et al, ; De Siena et al, ), which is similar to our case. In another case of the Lunayyir basaltic field in Saudi Arabia, the attenuation tomography by Sychev et al () has revealed the traces of degassing in the upper crust, which were not detectable in the seismic velocity model (Koulakov et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are some examples around the world indicating that this specific behavior of volcanoes located over torn subducting plates (see an overview of such cases in Hole et al, ). One of the most spectacular examples is the Toba supervolcano in Sumatra; this is presumably associated with the subduction of the Investigator Fracture Zone that brings to the mantle anomalous amount of fluids and possibly causes the slab tear (Koulakov et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fault‐Associated Magma Conduits Beneath Volcán de Colima Revealed by Seismic Velocity and Attenuation Tomography Studies

et al. 2019

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We present the results of tomographic studies using seismic velocity and attenuation in the area of the Colima Volcanic complex (CVC). Our dataset comprises body waves from local earthquakes recorded by the temporary seismic stations of the CODEX network in the Colima area and a few stations of the regional Mapping the Rivera Subduction Zone (MARS) networks, both deployed in 2006–2008. We obtain three‐dimensional distributions of seismic velocities and attenuation in the crust beneath the CVC area. At shallow depths, we observe a large negative anomaly to the south of CVC, coinciding with the location of the Central Colima Graben. This anomaly may represent debris avalanche deposits, as well as shallow magma reservoirs feeding the eruptions of the presently active Volcán de Colima. In contrast, the volcano edifice of Nevado de Colima, which is built of rigid igneous rocks, is associated with high‐velocity and low‐attenuation anomalies at shallow depths. In the deeper section, a major anomaly with high Vp/Vs, low Vs, and high S wave attenuation corresponds to the location of the regional Tamazula fault. As this represents a mechanically weakened zone of the crust, it may form the pathway that feeds CVC. Both velocity and attenuation models show that the fault‐associated conduit brought magma from the mantle through the lower crust to a depth of 15 km. Then, a light fraction of magma may continue to ascend, forming shallow reservoirs beneath the southern flank of CVC.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fault‐Associated Magma Conduits Beneath Volcán de Colima Revealed by Seismic Velocity and Attenuation Tomography Studies

et al. 2019

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“…Based on seismic attenuation in southeast Japan (Figure b), Saita et al () inferred two high‐fluid‐content zones separated by a low‐fluid‐content zone above the subducting slab. Similar structures are also found in the Sunda/Sumatra subduction zone underneath the Toba volcano (Koulakov et al, ) and in the central Andean subduction zone (Schurr et al, ). These geophysical images clearly indicate a diversion of fluid flow from vertically upward direction in these subduction zones.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Water Migration in the Subduction Mantle Wedge: A Two‐Phase Flow Approach

2019

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Subduction zones are the main entry points of water into Earth's mantle and play an important role in the global water cycle. The progressive release of water by metamorphic dehydration induces important physical‐chemical processes, including subduction zone earthquakes. Yet, how water migrates in subduction zones is not well understood. We investigate this problem by explicitly modeling two‐phase flow processes, in which fluids migrate through a compacting and decompacting solid matrix. Our results show that water migration is strongly affected by subduction dynamics, which exhibits three characteristic stages in our models: (1) an early stage of subduction initiation; (2) an intermediate stage of gravity‐driven steepening of the slab; and (3) a late stage of quasi steady state subduction. Two main water pathways are found in the models: trenchward and arcward. They form in the first two stages and become steady in the third stage. Depending on the depth of water release from the subducting slab, water migration focuses in different pathways: a shallow release depth (e.g., 40 km) leads the water mainly through the trenchward pathway, a deep release depth (e.g., 120 km) promotes an arcward pathway and a long horizontal migration distance (~300 km) from the trench, and an intermediate release depth (e.g., 80 km) leads water to both pathways. We compare our models with seismic studies from southeast Japan (Saita et al., 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063084) and the west Hellenic subduction zone (Halpaap et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB015154) and provide geodynamical explanations for these seismic observations in natural subduction environments.

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“…The largest and most representative volcanic complex is Toba Caldera, located along a major bend in the subducting plate below, probably characterized by a tear reactivating a pre-existing fracture zone (Figure 1; Fauzi et al, 1996;Pesicek et al, 2008;Hall and Spakman, 2015;Koulakov et al, 2016). Toba is the site of Earth's largest Quaternary eruption, ejecting ∼3000 km 3 of magma, after at least 150,000 years of storage and evolution (Vazquez and Reid, 2004;De Silva et al, 2015).…”

Section: Tectonic Setting Of Sumatramentioning

confidence: 99%

Weak Tectono-Magmatic Relationships along an Obliquely Convergent Plate Boundary: Sumatra, Indonesia

et al. 2018

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The tectono-magmatic relationships along obliquely convergent plate boundaries, where strain partitioning promotes strike-slip structures along the volcanic arc, are poorly known. Here it is unclear if and, in case, how the strike-slip structures control volcanic processes, distribution and size. To better define the possible tectono-magmatic relationships along strike-slip arcs, we merge available information on the case study of Sumatra (Indonesia) with field structural data. The Sumatra arc (entire volcanic belt) consists of 48 active volcanoes. Of these, 46% lie within 10 km from the dextral Great Sumatra Fault (GSF), which carries most horizontal displacement on the overriding plate, whereas 27% lie at >20 km from the GSF. Among the volcanoes at <10 km from GSF, 48% show a possible structural relation to the GSF, whereas only 28% show a clear structural relation, lying in pull-aparts or releasing bends; these localized areas of transtension (local extensional zone) do not develop magmatic segments. There is no relation between the GSF along-strike slip rate variations and the volcanic productivity. The preferred N30 • -N40 • E volcano alignment and elongation are subparallel to the convergence vector or to the GSF. The structural field data, collected in the central and southern GSF, show, in addition to the dextral motions along NW-SE to N-S striking faults, also normal motions (extending WNW-ESE or NE-SW), suggesting local reactivations of the GSF. Overall, the collected data suggest a limited tectonic control on arc volcanism. The tectonic control is mostly expressed by the mean depth of the slab surface below the volcanoes (130 ± 20 km) and, subordinately, local extension along the GSF. The latter, when WNW-ESE oriented (more common), may be associated with the overall tectonic convergence, as suggested by the structural data; conversely, when NE-SW oriented (less common), the extension may result from co-and post-seismic arc normal extension, as supported by the 2004 mega-earthquake measurements. Overall, the strike-slip arc of Sumatra has intermediate features between those of extensional and contractional arcs.

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The feeder system of the Toba supervolcano from the slab to the shallow reservoir

Cited by 57 publications

References 36 publications

Fault‐Associated Magma Conduits Beneath Volcán de Colima Revealed by Seismic Velocity and Attenuation Tomography Studies

Fault‐Associated Magma Conduits Beneath Volcán de Colima Revealed by Seismic Velocity and Attenuation Tomography Studies

Water Migration in the Subduction Mantle Wedge: A Two‐Phase Flow Approach

Weak Tectono-Magmatic Relationships along an Obliquely Convergent Plate Boundary: Sumatra, Indonesia

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