The February–March 2000 eruption of Hekla, Iceland from a satellite perspective

Rose, William I.; Gu, Yingxin; Watson, I. Matthew; Yu, Tianxu; Blut, G.J.S.; Prata, A. J.; Krueger, Arlin J.; Krotkov, Nickolay A.; Carn, S. A.; Fromm, M.; Hunton, D. E.; Ernst, Gérald; Viggiano, Albert A.; Miller, Thomas M.; Ballenthin, J. O.; Reeves, J. M.; Wilson, J. C.; Anderson, B. E.; Flittner, D. E.

doi:10.1029/139gm07

Cited by 69 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 36 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This modeled dilution may be more rapid than reality, as satellite evidence from Rose et al [2003] diagnoses of the presence of ice within the plume until 28 February, suggesting the major aerosol component of the plume was either ice or ice-coated ash particles. Given these observations of ice in the plume, we would expect higher concentrations of ClO x and BrO x within the plume giving faster and more complete O 3 destruction than that predicted by the model.…”

Section: Volcanically Induced Polar Stratospheric Clouds (Pscs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A passive SO 2 tracer, assumed not to undergo chemical reaction, was added to SLIMCAT so that its concentration could be used to diagnose plume dilution. SO 2 oxidation is slow in the dry stratosphere, with only 3% oxidized within the first 35 hours, and is neglected here [Rose et al, 2003]. The most significant impact of neglecting SO 2 oxidation will be a preservation of the HO x reservoir [Bekki, 1995].…”

Section: Global Chemical Transport Model Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[6] The 2000 eruption of Hekla volcano in southern Iceland began at about 1815 UT on 26 February, with a brief (3 -4 hr) explosive phase generating a volcanic cloud which reached 10-12 km a.s.l (VEI 3) and deposited $10 7 m 3 (c. 10 10 kg) of tephra across northern Iceland [Rose et al, 2003]. The stratospheric volcanic plume from this eruption was intercepted on several occasions by an instrumented NASA DC-8 aircraft [Hunton et al, 2005;Rose et al, 2006], revealing high plume HCl (>80 ppb) and HF(>60 ppb) concentrations.…”

Section: The Hekla Eruption 26 February 2000mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Halogen emissions from a small volcanic eruption: Modeling the peak concentrations, dispersion, and volcanically induced ozone loss in the stratosphere

Millard¹,

Mather²,

Pyle³

et al. 2006

Geophysical Research Letters

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Volcanically Induced Polar Stratospheric Clouds (Pscs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Global Chemical Transport Model Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Hekla Eruption 26 February 2000mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Halogen emissions from a small volcanic eruption: Modeling the peak concentrations, dispersion, and volcanically induced ozone loss in the stratosphere

Millard¹,

Mather²,

Pyle³

et al. 2006

Geophysical Research Letters

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…A channel near 8.6 µm can be used to detect ash when used in combination with a second longer wavelength channel, and can also be used to identify low level SO 2 (Realmuto et al, 1994). Prata et al (2003a, b) and Rose et al (2003) have recently shown that 7.3 µm channel can be used to quantitatively measure the SO 2 column abundance in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. Such data have been routinely available since 1979 from the HIRS family of instruments, on board the NOAA satellites.…”

Section: Future Improvements In Ir Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This issue has been a long-standing difficulty, but it came into prominence after the encounter of a NASA DC-8 research aircraft with a volcanic cloud from Hekla (Iceland) in 2000 (Grindle & Burcham, 2002Pieri et al, 2002;Rose et al, 2003). The analysis of Grindle & Burcham (2003) suggested that the aircraft sustained damage from a volcanic cloud that could only be detected with sophisticated instruments; the implication being that aircraft flying in volcanically active areas, without such instruments, are probably sustaining undetected damage on many occasions.…”

Section: The Concentration Of Ash Required To Measurably Damage An Aimentioning

confidence: 99%

An evaluation of volcanic cloud detection techniques during recent significant eruptions in the western ‘Ring of Fire’

Tupper

Carn

Davey

et al. 2004

Remote Sensing of Environment

108

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We examined recent volcanic cloud events in the Western Pacific and Indonesian area, to validate the performance of remote sensing techniques used to support the International Airways Volcano Watch (IAVW). Five events were considered, during which eruptions from eight volcanoes injected ash into the upper troposphere or lower stratosphere. For one of the eruptions, at Miyakejima, Japan, at least five aircraft encountered volcanic ash clouds, and the cost to three operators alone exceeded US $12,000,000 in aircraft repairs, diversions, and lost operating time. We performed 'reverse' absorption and 'pattern analysis' using GMS-5/VISSR, MODIS and AVHRR data, and we examined TOMS SO 2 and Aerosol Index data, surface-based observations, pilot reports, and dispersion model output. Our results verify that the introduction of 'reverse' absorption using the geostationary GMS-5 platform significantly enhanced our capacity to monitor volcanic ash clouds in the region. In one case, we tracked an eruption cloud for approximately 80 hours. The primary impediment to remote monitoring is the presence of overlying cloud, or substantial amounts of ice within the volcanic clouds. TOMS data showed success in identifying volcanic clouds during these conditions, but was limited by the infrequency of observations. More effective future operation of the IAVW relies on developing complementary methods of volcanic cloud remote sensing, and greatly increasing the amount and quality of available surface and air observations, including observations of precursor activity. An understanding of the likely future limitations of remote sensing techniques will aid in the refining of IAVW procedures.

show abstract

Assessing hazards to aviation from sulfur dioxide emitted by explosive Icelandic eruptions

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Volcanic eruptions take place in Iceland about once every 3 to 5 years. Ash emissions from these eruptions can cause significant disruption to air traffic over Europe and the North Atlantic as is evident from the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull. Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) is also emitted by volcanoes, but there are no criteria to define when airspace is considered hazardous or nonhazardous. However, SO 2 is a well-known ground-level pollutant that can have detrimental effects on human health. We have used the United Kingdom Met Office's NAME (Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modelling Environment) model to simulate SO 2 mass concentrations that could occur in European and North Atlantic airspace for a range of hypothetical explosive eruptions in Iceland with a probability to occur about once every 3 to 5 years. Model performance was evaluated for the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull summit eruption against SO 2 vertical column density retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument and in situ measurements from the United Kingdom Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements research aircraft. We show that at no time during the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption did SO 2 mass concentrations at flight altitudes violate European air quality standards. In contrast, during a hypothetical short-duration explosive eruption similar to Hekla in 2000 (emitting 0.2 Tg of SO 2 within 2 h, or an average SO 2 release rate 250 times that of Eyjafjallajökull 2010), simulated SO 2 concentrations are greater than 1063 μg/m 3 for about 48 h in a small area of European and North Atlantic airspace. By calculating the occurrence of aircraft encounters with the volcanic plume of a short-duration eruption, we show that a 15 min or longer exposure of aircraft and passengers to concentrations ≥500 μg/m 3 has a probability of about 0.1%. Although exposure of humans to such concentrations may lead to irritations to the eyes, nose and, throat and cause increased airway resistance even in healthy individuals, the risk is very low. However, the fact that volcanic ash and sulfur species are not always collocated and that passenger comfort could be compromised might be incentives to provide real-time information on the presence or absence of volcanic SO 2 . Such information could aid aviation risk management during and after volcanic eruptions.

show abstract

The February–March 2000 eruption of Hekla, Iceland from a satellite perspective

Cited by 69 publications

References 36 publications

Halogen emissions from a small volcanic eruption: Modeling the peak concentrations, dispersion, and volcanically induced ozone loss in the stratosphere

Halogen emissions from a small volcanic eruption: Modeling the peak concentrations, dispersion, and volcanically induced ozone loss in the stratosphere

An evaluation of volcanic cloud detection techniques during recent significant eruptions in the western ‘Ring of Fire’

Assessing hazards to aviation from sulfur dioxide emitted by explosive Icelandic eruptions

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About