The feasibility study of crude palm oil transesterification at 30°C operation

Sim, Jia Huey; Kamaruddin, Azlina Harun; Bhatia, Subhash

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.07.039

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Since there are problems with mass transfer at 30°C due to the viscosity of oil, still, the optimization of enzyme loading, agitation speed, reaction time and methanol to oil substrate molar ratio of 6.5:1 could produce a maximum of 89.29% FAME yield. T-Butanol, methanol and hydrophobic oil form a homogeneous reaction mixture which reduces interphasic mass transfer resistance and enhances the viscosity of the mixture, whereas the external mass transfer resistance observed could be reduced by increasing the agitation speed in the batch reactor [63]. Biodiesel exhibits higher heating values (HHVs) as 39-41 MJ/kg, which is lesser than the higher heating values of petroleum diesel -43 MJ/kg [49].…”

Section: Factors Affecting Biodiesel Production By Trans-esterifi Cationmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Other alcohols such as propanol, butanol, isopropanol, tert-butanol, branched alcohols and octanol could also be used but are not preferred due to their high costs. The choice of using methanol over ethanol is that FAME produced by use of methanol is more volatile, more viscous, exhibits a lower cloud point and pour point [62,63,64]. Karanja oil is also used for the production of biodiesel by trans-esterifi cation using basic a catalyst i.e.…”

Section: Factors Affecting Biodiesel Production By Trans-esterifi Cationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Production of Biodiesel from Various Sources

Saxena

Sharma

Agrawal

et al. 2013

Biofuels Production

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We all are aware that the depletion of the fossil fuel reservoirs has lead to an urgent search for alternative forms of present day fuels. The possible solution could come from biofuels, especially biodiesel. Biodiesel could be produced from plants, microorganisms, fungi, wastewater, microalgae etc., but these sources suffer from one or more drawbacks. However, microalgae could serve as the best source for biodiesel production since it does not lead to a land versus fuel confl ict. This chapter is mainly focused on the sources for the production of biodiesel, biodiesel production processes, catalysis involved and the factors affecting biodiesel production. We have to understand that for the best utilization of biodiesel in diesel engines, we have to incorporate technical modifi cations in traditional diesel engines so that biodiesel production could be promoted commercially.

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Section: Factors Affecting Biodiesel Production By Trans-esterifi Cationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Factors Affecting Biodiesel Production By Trans-esterifi Cationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Biodiesel from Various Sources

Saxena

Sharma

Agrawal

et al. 2013

Biofuels Production

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“…These impurities present in glycerol must be removed to make it addressable for its intended applications at industrial level. Sim et al [8] reported the synthesis of biodiesel at low temperature (i.e., 30°C) using an enzyme as a catalyst. To avoid the mass transfer limitation at low temperature, Sim et al [8] optimized other variables (viz.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is the major barrier in the commercialization of biodiesel [7]. Room temperature synthesis of biodiesel will decrease its production cost [8]. Glycerol is used in many applications such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, and paint industries [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A low-cost synthesis of biodiesel at room temperature and purification of by-product glycerol for reuse

Sharma

Singh

Agrawal

2011

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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Biodiesel has been synthesized from used frying oil at room temperature (35°C) using NaOH and CH 3 ONa as homogeneous catalyst and methanol as reactant. Glycerol has been obtained as a by-product which comprised of impurities such as unreacted methanol, inorganic metals, and traces of triglycerides. The inorganic materials present in glycerol were adsorbed on the surface of activated carbon derived from rice husk. Glycerol is then acidified with 1.2 M H 2 SO 4 to form two layers. The upper layer comprised of free fatty acids, and the bottom layer comprised of a glycerol-rich layer. The bottom layer was decanted and neutralized with an aqueous solution of 10 M NaOH and heated at 110°C for 2.5 h to remove the residual water in the glycerol. Further extraction of glycerol with ethanol gives glycerol of high purity. For removal of ethanol from the glycerol, the solution was heated up to 80°C for 30 min. The purity of glycerol was verified by analysis on 13 C-NMR. The upper free fatty acid layer is confirmed with the help of the treatment of this layer with base solution (NaOH) to give soap. Formation of soap is confirmed with the help of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

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“…Both, non-saturated and saturated fatty acids contents of vegetable oils, such as: palm, soybean, rape-seed, woody oils and the like, can be converted into fuels [3][4][5][6][7]. Among those vegetable oils, Calophyllum inophyllum kernel oil is the most favorable oil to be converted into fuels [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrocracking of Calophyllum inophyllum Oil With Non-sulfide CoMo Catalysts

Rasyid

Prihartantyo

Mahfud

et al. 2014

Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal.

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This research was aimed to convert Calophyllum inophyllum kernel oil into liquid fuel through hydrocracking process using non-sulfide CoMo catalysts. The experiment was carried out in a pressurized reactor operated at temperature and pressure up to 350 o C and 30 bar, respectively. The CoMo catalysts used in the experiment were prepared by 10 wt.% loading of cobalt and molybdenum solutions over various supports, i.e. -Al2O3, SiO2, and -Al2O3-SiO2 through impregnation method. It is figured out from the experiment that non-sulfide CoMo based catalysts have functioned well in the hydrocracking conversion of Calophyllum inophyllum kernel oil into fuels, such as gasoline, kerosene, and gasoil. The CoMo/-Al2O3 catalyst resulted higher conversion than CoMo/SiO2 and CoMo/-Al2O3-SiO2. The fuel yields were 25.63% gasoline, 17.31% kerosene, and 38.59% gasoil. The fuels obtained in this research do not contain sulfur compounds so that they can be categorized as environmentally friendly fuels.

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The feasibility study of crude palm oil transesterification at 30°C operation

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

Production of Biodiesel from Various Sources

Production of Biodiesel from Various Sources

A low-cost synthesis of biodiesel at room temperature and purification of by-product glycerol for reuse

Hydrocracking of Calophyllum inophyllum Oil With Non-sulfide CoMo Catalysts

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