The Feasibility of Using the MFC Concept to Upcycle Mixed Recycled Plastics

Kuzmanović, Maja; Delva, Laurens; Cardon, Ludwig; Ragaert, Kim

doi:10.3390/su13020689

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…The use of commonly available conventional fillers (both particulate and fibrous) such as glass fibers, [229] talc, [230,231] calcium carbonate, [232] etc. has been well documented in packaging polymers to cause improvements in mechanical properties such as tensile strength and modulus, thermal properties such as heat deflection temperature and thermal resistivity, electrical properties, etc.…”

Section: Preparation Methods Of Films From Vegetative/food Wastementioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Biodegradable Packaging Films from Vegetative and Food Waste

Gupta¹,

Toksha

Rahaman

2022

The Chemical Record

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Plastics around the globe have been a matter of grave concern due to the unavoidable habits of human mankind. Taking waste statistics in India for the year 2019–20 into account, the data of 60 major cities show that the generation of plastic waste stands tall at around 26,000 tonnes/day, of which only about 60 % is recycled. A majority of the non‐recycled plastic waste is petrochemical‐based packaging materials that are non‐biodegradable in nature. Vegetative/food waste is another global issue, evidenced by vastly populated countries such as China and India accounting for 91 and 69 tonnes of food wastage, respectively in 2019. The mitigation of plastic packaging issues has led to key scientific developments, one of which is biodegradable materials. However, there is a way that these two waste‐related issues can be fronted as the analogy of “taking two shots with the same arrow”. The presence of various bio‐compounds such as proteins, cellulose, starch, lipids, and waxes, etc., in food and vegetative waste, creates an opportunity for the development of biodegradable packaging films. Although these flexible packaging films have limitations in terms of mechanical, permeation, and moisture absorption characteristics, they can be fine‐tuned in order to convert the biobased raw material into a realizable packaging product. These strategies could work in replacing petrochemical‐based non‐biodegradable packaging plastics which are used in enormous quantities for various household and commercial packaging applications to combat the ever‐increasing pollution in highly populated countries. This paper presents a systematic review based on modern scientific tools of the literature available with a major emphasis on the past decade and aims to serve as a standard resource for the development of biodegradable packaging films from food/vegetative waste.

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Section: Preparation Methods Of Films From Vegetative/food Wastementioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Biodegradable Packaging Films from Vegetative and Food Waste

Gupta¹,

Toksha

Rahaman

2022

The Chemical Record

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“…In a study on MFC recyclability, Jiang et al [307] found that the tensile strength increased with the number of re-processing steps. Kuzmanović et al [308], on the other hand, used mixed plastic waste as a matrix in the production of MFCs to try upcycling plastic waste. Despite the limited number of matrices currently tested, the MFC concept has proven to be applicable for the upcycling of mechanically recycled polymeric materials.…”

Section: Microfibrillated Reinforcementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaches in Sustainable, Biobased Multilayer Packaging Solutions

et al. 2023

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The depletion of fossil resources and the growing demand for plastic waste reduction has put industries and academic researchers under pressure to develop increasingly sustainable packaging solutions that are both functional and circularly designed. In this review, we provide an overview of the fundamentals and recent advances in biobased packaging materials, including new materials and techniques for their modification as well as their end-of-life scenarios. We also discuss the composition and modification of biobased films and multilayer structures, with particular attention to readily available drop-in solutions, as well as coating techniques. Moreover, we discuss end-of-life factors, including sorting systems, detection methods, composting options, and recycling and upcycling possibilities. Finally, regulatory aspects are pointed out for each application scenario and end-of-life option. Moreover, we discuss the human factor in terms of consumer perception and acceptance of upcycling.

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“…Observing the general films appearance and the cracks absence, it can be said that there was high miscibility between the HPMC matrix and the dispersed phase of MFC/NFC, even without application of compatibilizers or plasticizers. The use of MFC/NFC make it possible to obtain bionanocomposites with no need of aggressive chemical additives, resulting in lower cost and obtaining eco-friendly materials (He et al 2020;Kuzmanovic et al 2021). MFC/NFC tend to show high miscibility and low agglomeration in matrices which molecular structures have functional groups that enhance the hydrogen bonds formation (Tian et at.…”

Section: Morphology Of the Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the Addition of Cellulosic Micro/nanofibrils Improve the Properties of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Films?

Mascarenhas

Scatolino

Santos

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Damages to ecosystems, due to the consumption of petroleum-based materials, can be mitigated with the use of biopolymers such as cellulose derivatives. The objective was to evaluate the influence of different proportions of cellulose micro/nanofibrils (MFC/NFC) on the properties of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) films. Films were prepared using proportions of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% (w/w) of MFC/NFC of Pinus sp. in relation to HPMC. The physical, barrier, surface, optical, morphological and mechanical properties were evaluated. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, linear regression, principal component analysis and Pearson correlation. Solids content, basis weight and density values increased with higher MFC/NFC amount, while thickness and porosity were reduced. SEM images showed that films with more than 50% MFC/NFC had a more granular surface resulting in reduction of transparency from 80 to 65%. The water vapor penetration did not differ between films and the degradation in water was reduced from 40 to 5% as MFC/NFC was added. There were no differences for contact angle and wettability, but all films showed high resistance to fat penetration. Films with MFC/NFC contents between 75 and 100% showed higher values for tensile strength (50 to 65 MPa) and Young's modulus (6 to 10 MPa) and lower elongation at break (1 to 2%). The experimental results indicated that films with MFC/NFC contents above 50% have potential to be used as packaging material.

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The Feasibility of Using the MFC Concept to Upcycle Mixed Recycled Plastics

Cited by 8 publications

References 73 publications

A Review on Biodegradable Packaging Films from Vegetative and Food Waste

A Review on Biodegradable Packaging Films from Vegetative and Food Waste

Approaches in Sustainable, Biobased Multilayer Packaging Solutions

Does the Addition of Cellulosic Micro/nanofibrils Improve the Properties of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Films?

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