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This chapter documents a seismic shift that has occurred in the field of attentional development over the past decade, both in the content of the empirical data being collected and in the theoretical ideas being used to understand them. We trace the origins of this paradigm shift by first examining the past. Research during the latter half of the 20th century was dominated by the information‐processing framework, which views attention as a localizable, domain‐general, and situationally invariant cognitive faculty, with its primary role in filtering sensory information in the service of task goals. However, during the first decade of the 2000s, researchers began to study how individual, emotional, and social aspects of life influence everyday attention behavior. Mounting evidence from these studies revealed that the classic information‐processing framework could not provide a complete account of attentional development. Thus, at present, attention is becoming viewed as a concept that cannot be isolated from social and emotional aspects of development. With regard to future directions, we outline a dynamic view of attention, in which attention is viewed as a cognitive facility, integrating the demands of “cool” cognition (i.e., the information‐processing capacities) with the “hot” functions spanning temperament, emotion, social communication, individual histories, and cultural context. If this trend continues, attentional development in the next decade will be studied as the outcome of complex interactions between an individual's biology, their life history, and their social environment.
This chapter documents a seismic shift that has occurred in the field of attentional development over the past decade, both in the content of the empirical data being collected and in the theoretical ideas being used to understand them. We trace the origins of this paradigm shift by first examining the past. Research during the latter half of the 20th century was dominated by the information‐processing framework, which views attention as a localizable, domain‐general, and situationally invariant cognitive faculty, with its primary role in filtering sensory information in the service of task goals. However, during the first decade of the 2000s, researchers began to study how individual, emotional, and social aspects of life influence everyday attention behavior. Mounting evidence from these studies revealed that the classic information‐processing framework could not provide a complete account of attentional development. Thus, at present, attention is becoming viewed as a concept that cannot be isolated from social and emotional aspects of development. With regard to future directions, we outline a dynamic view of attention, in which attention is viewed as a cognitive facility, integrating the demands of “cool” cognition (i.e., the information‐processing capacities) with the “hot” functions spanning temperament, emotion, social communication, individual histories, and cultural context. If this trend continues, attentional development in the next decade will be studied as the outcome of complex interactions between an individual's biology, their life history, and their social environment.
Extensive studies have shown that a sports expert is superior to a sports novice in visually perceptual-cognitive processes of sports scene information, however the attentional and neural basis of it has not been thoroughly explored. The present study examined whether a sport expert has the attentional superiority on scene information relevant to his/her sport skill, and explored what factor drives this superiority. To address this problem, EEGs were recorded as participants passively viewed sport scenes (tennis vs. non-tennis) and negative emotional faces in the context of a visual attention task, where the pictures of sport scenes or of negative emotional faces randomly followed the pictures with overlapping sport scenes and negative emotional faces. ERP results showed that for experts, the evoked potential of attentional competition elicited by the overlap of tennis scene was significantly larger than that evoked by the overlap of non-tennis scene, while this effect was absent for novices. The LORETA showed that the experts' left medial frontal gyrus (MFG) cortex was significantly more active as compared to the right MFG when processing the overlap of tennis scene, but the lateralization effect was not significant in novices. Those results indicate that experts have attentional superiority on skill-related scene information, despite intruding the scene through negative emotional faces that are prone to cause negativity bias toward their visual field as a strong distractor. This superiority is actuated by the activation of left MFG cortex and probably due to self-reference.
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