The favorable impacts of silibinin polyphenols as adjunctive therapy in reducing the complications of COVID-19: A review of research evidence and underlying mechanisms

Musazadeh, Vali; Karimi, Arash; bagheri, Nasim; Jafarzadeh, Jaber; Sanaei, Servin; Vajdi, Mahdi; Karimi, mozhde; Niazkar, Hamid Reza

doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113593

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…Silymarin has antiviral activity against all of the viruses mentioned, preventing virus entry into host cells, genomic content replication, and viral protein gene expression 27 . A review of the preventive capability of Silymarin is reviewed elsewhere 28…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silymarin Inhibits In Vitro SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Vero E6 Cells

Nnadi

Luka

Omale

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The study evaluated the in vitro ability of Silymarin to inhibit SARS-COV-2 infection on Vero Cells. We set out to evaluate the hypothesis that Silymarin has both preventive and curative against SARS-COV-2. To study this, we first evaluated the safety profile of Silymarin using the Drosophila melanogaster (Harwich strain) model. Silymarin tablet film coated 140 mg (Silybon-140) was used for the study. We evaluated the fly for acute toxicity, Locomotor performance, estimation of total thiol level, determination of Acetylcholinesterases (AchE) activity, Catalase activity, Glutathion-S-transferase(GST) activity and fecundity assay. To evaluate the in vitro activity of Silymarin against SARS-COV-2, SARS-COV-2 isolates from oropharyngeal swabs and confirmed using qRT-PCR were cultured in Vero E6 monolayer cells. Different concentrations of silymarin concentration were used to determine pre- or post-exposure activity. The result showed that daily exposure to silymarin dose between 50% to 2000% adult dose showed no adverse effect after 28 days. Treatment of Vero cells with silymarin at the concentration 250-500 ug/ml all revealed a pre-treatment effect to SARS-COV-2 in vitro and no inhibition effect was observed when the virus was first added before the addition of Silymarin. Silymarin had no adverse effect on D. melanogaster and can be used a preventive drug against SARS-COV-2.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silymarin Inhibits In Vitro SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Vero E6 Cells

Nnadi

Luka

Omale

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…After consumption, silibinin is transformed by the liver using phases I and II of the biotransformation process. During phase II reactions, conjugation activities produce glucuronide and glucuronide sulfate derivatives (Musazadeh et al., 2022 ) (Figure 3 ).…”

Section: Pharmacology Of Silymarinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silymarin: Unveiling its pharmacological spectrum and therapeutic potential in liver diseases—A comprehensive narrative review

Jaffar,

Al‐Asmari,

Khan

et al. 2024

Food Science & Nutrition

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Liver diseases, encompassing conditions such as cirrhosis, present a substantial global health challenge with diverse etiologies, including viral infections, alcohol consumption, and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The exploration of natural compounds as therapeutic agents has gained traction, notably the herbal remedy milk thistle (Silybum marianum), with its active extract, silymarin, demonstrating remarkable antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties in extensive preclinical investigations. It can protect healthy liver cells or those that have not yet sustained permanent damage by reducing oxidative stress and mitigating cytotoxicity. Silymarin, a natural compound with antioxidant properties, anti‐inflammatory effects, and antifibrotic activity, has shown potential in treating liver damage caused by alcohol, NAFLD, drug‐induced toxicity, and viral hepatitis. Legalon® is a top‐rated medication with excellent oral bioavailability, effective absorption, and therapeutic effectiveness. Its active component, silymarin, has antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties, Eurosil 85® also, a commercial product, has lipophilic properties enhanced by special formulation processes. Silymarin, during clinical trials, shows potential improvements in liver function, reduced mortality rates, and alleviation of symptoms across various liver disorders, with safety assessments showing low adverse effects. Overall, silymarin emerges as a promising natural compound with multifaceted hepatoprotective properties and therapeutic potential in liver diseases.

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“…1 Most COVID‐19 patients are asymptomatic or may experience a mild disease, while some require hospital care and intensive care unit admission. 2 Accordingly, several studies have been carried out to discover the patients with the highest risk of experiencing severe COVID‐19 symptoms. 3 , 4 Predicting the outcome of those with COVID‐19 helps physicians to provide timely management for those at risk of developing COVID‐19 complications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the statistics, as of September 2022, more than 600 million individuals have been infected with COVID‐19, leading to more than 6 million deaths 1 . Most COVID‐19 patients are asymptomatic or may experience a mild disease, while some require hospital care and intensive care unit admission 2 . Accordingly, several studies have been carried out to discover the patients with the highest risk of experiencing severe COVID‐19 symptoms 3,4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of boosted trees to the prognosis prediction of COVID‐19

Molaei,

Moazen,

Niazkar

et al. 2024

Health Science Reports

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Background and AimsThe precise prediction of COVID‐19 prognosis remains a clinical challenge. In this regard, early identification of severe cases facilitates the triage and management of COVID‐19 cases. The present paper aims to explore the prognosis of COVID‐19 patients based on routine laboratory tests taken when patients are admitted.MethodsA data set including 1455 COVID‐19 patients (727 male, 728 female) and their routine laboratory tests conducted upon hospital admission, age, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission, and outcome were gathered. The data set was randomly split into the train (75% of the data) and test data set (25% of the data). The explainable boosting machine (EBM) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) were used for predicting the mortality and ICU admission of COVID‐19 cases. Also, feature importance was extracted using EBM and XGBoost.ResultsThe EBM and XGBoost achieved 86.38% and 88.56% accuracy in the test data set, respectively. In addition, EBM and XGBoost predicted the ICU admission with an accuracy of 89.37%, and 79.29% in the test data set for COVID‐19 patients, respectively. Also, obtained models indicated that aspartate transaminase (AST), lymphocyte, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and age are the most significant predictors of COVID‐19 mortality. Furthermore, the lymphocyte count, AST, and BUN level were the most significant ICU admission predictors of COVID‐19 patients.ConclusionsThe current study indicated that both EBM and XGBoost could predict the ICU admission and mortality of COVID‐19 cases based on routine hematological and clinical chemistry evaluation at the time of admission. Also, based on the results, AST, lymphocyte count, and BUN levels could be used as early predictors of COVID‐19 prognosis.

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The favorable impacts of silibinin polyphenols as adjunctive therapy in reducing the complications of COVID-19: A review of research evidence and underlying mechanisms

Cited by 9 publications

References 108 publications

Silymarin Inhibits In Vitro SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Vero E6 Cells

Silymarin Inhibits In Vitro SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Vero E6 Cells

Silymarin: Unveiling its pharmacological spectrum and therapeutic potential in liver diseases—A comprehensive narrative review

Application of boosted trees to the prognosis prediction of COVID‐19

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