The fauna and perspective of rodentia ectoparasites in Iran relying on their roles within public health and veterinary characteristics

Abstract

Historically, rodents-ectoparasites are responsible for many diseases in human and domestic animal communities because they are well-adapted to the environment and nutritional resources. In addition, ectoparasites can affect the reproductive rates, ecological fitness and the dispersal pattern of their hosts. Data was compiled through all publications relating to ectoparasites fauna from Iranian rodents. Host specificity, rodent-parasites interaction, geographical distribution, ecological trends as well as the medical or veterinary importance of ectoparasites are considered in this review. Also, results compared with other equal global findings. According to the obtained information, the genus considered being the major vector of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Sistan-Balouchistan, Isfahan, Fars and Khuzestan are endemic provinces of this disease in Iran. Ixodes ticks (especially spp.) commonly existed throughout the months but had high activity in spring and late autumn seasons. Muridae as the most diversified rodent family was more reiterated exploited host by all parasites in this knowledge. confirmed as a positive host for by serological test but the definitive reservoir is still unclear in Iran. as a nocturnal jird has been permanently presented in semi-desert areas except Dasht-e Kavir desert. This rodent was the frequent host for Pulicid fleas followed by and (Cricetidae). was specialized host for (spiny rat louse). from Pulicidae was spread in particularly west of Iran which known as an endemic focus of plague. Mites were high diversity than other taxa. The domestic vertebrates (sheep, goat and cattle) were primitive hosts and rodents were discovered as auxiliary hosts for ticks in Iran apparently. The available data suggested that lice had a type of model of host specificity due to their morphological traits. Meanwhile, Alborz and Zagros mountains ranges provided the specialized habitats for animals which have been surrounded by northern and western regions. Perhaps these mountainous areas can prevent gene flow between local mammalian populations. Notably, the genealogy of parasite genome can orient toward the evolutionary process into speciation point. In general, more researches are needed to decipher the whole sights of host-parasite association and the role of ectoparasites within zoonosis diseases.

Typical features of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Ilam province, Iran

“…Since villagers work in the farm or near their places, Gerbils rodents-sand fly can establish ZCL in rural areas. Tatera indica, Nesokia indica and Meriones libycus (Murid family) are proved as reservoirs of this infection in south and west of Iran (Amin et al 2014;Khosravani 2017). In the current project, this size of ulcers is in the range of 1-3 cm.…”

Ectoparasite Fauna of Rodents and Shrews with Their Spatial, Temporal, and Dispersal along a Degradation Gradient in Mabira Central Forest Reserve

“…Although not given much attention, through their direct and indirect effects on their hosts, the various species of ectoparasites have been and continue to be a threat to humans and their livestock [ 19 , 20 ]. Over the years, the associations between ectoparasites and their hosts have been subjected to a number of dramatic changes with many hosts becoming synanthropic.…”

“…Over the years, the associations between ectoparasites and their hosts have been subjected to a number of dramatic changes with many hosts becoming synanthropic. Most of the changes are mediated by human activities, which have resulted in a substantial shift in the nature of many parasite-host relationships [ 9 , 19 , 21 ].…”

“…Paramasvaran et al [ 21 ] indicated that most ectoparasites are believed to have lived in close association with their animal hosts in stable habitats which have for a long time been in equilibrium with the climate and soil, undisturbed by humans. Once this equilibrium is altered due to anthropogenic activities, there is a great danger of zoonotic infections being transmitted to humans and their livestock [ 19 ].…”

Mapping the distributions of blood-sucking mites and mite-borne agents in China: a modeling study

“…Research has been prioritized for VBIs transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks, e.g., malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Zika, lymphatic filariasis, Lyme disease, tick-borne spotted fever, severe fever thrombocytopenia syndrome, and tick-borne encephalitis, while mite-borne infections were largely neglected. Blood-sucking mites play an important role in transmitting various pathogens to humans [ 3 – 5 ], including O. tsutsugamushi [ 6 ], hantaviruses [ 7 ] and even Yersinia pestis [ 8 ], and some of these pathogens are distributed globally. Moreover, mites can parasitize a great variety of vertebrates including livestock, birds, rodents, and other wild life [ 9 – 11 ].…”