The fatty acid profile of the skin surface lipid layer in papulopustular rosacea

Raghallaigh, Síona Ní; Bender, Katrin; Lacey, Noreen; Brennan, Lorraine; Powell, Frank C.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10662.x

Cited by 109 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…1) was set up to search for S. aureus isolates that require fatty acids for triclosan resistance. The fatty acids C14:0, C16:0, and C18:1 were chosen mainly as being predominant in two representative environments of localized and systemic infections, skin and serum (20,21). Human clinical and veterinary mastitis isolates were scored for triclosan resistance (T r ) and fatty-acid-dependent triclosan resistance (FA-T r ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Relevance of Type II Fatty Acid Synthesis Bypass in Staphylococcus aureus

Gloux

Guillemet

Soler

et al. 2017

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The need for new antimicrobials to treat bacterial infections has led to the use of type II fatty acid synthesis (FASII) enzymes as front-line targets. However, recent studies suggest that FASII inhibitors may not work against the opportunist pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, as environmental fatty acids favor emergence of multi-anti-FASII resistance. As fatty acids are abundant in the host and one FASII inhibitor, triclosan, is widespread, we investigated whether fatty acid pools impact resistance in clinical and veterinary S. aureus isolates. Simple addition of fatty acids to the screening medium led to a 50% increase in triclosan resistance, as tested in 700 isolates. Moreover, nonculturable triclosan-resistant fatty acid auxotrophs, which escape detection under routine conditions, were uncovered in primary patient samples. FASII bypass in selected isolates correlated with polymorphisms in the acc and fabD loci. We conclude that fatty-acid-dependent strategies to escape FASII inhibition are common among S. aureus isolates and correlate with anti-FASII resistance and emergence of nonculturable variants.KEYWORDS antibiotic resistance, infection, persistence, nondetectable resistance, fatty acids, Staphylococcus aureus S taphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of a wide range of infections that can affect numerous host organs and cause a range of effects from mild symptoms to severe and life-threatening diseases. Acquisition of antimicrobial resistance, likely due to overuse of antibiotics, is the principal cause of S. aureus drug resistance (1). A class of new-generation antimicrobials in intensive development uses the type II fatty acid synthesis (FASII) pathway as an antibacterial target (2-5) to treat S. aureus infections (6-8). A widely used biocide, triclosan (5-chloro-2-[2,4-dichlorophenoxy]phenol; commercialized as Irgasan or Microban), is a prototype for further anti-FASII development (4, 9, 10).The utility of FASII inhibitors was questioned when several Gram-positive bacteria were shown to be refractory to FASII inhibitors in the presence of exogenous fatty acids, making FASII enzymes dispensable (11,12). Both free and complexed fatty acids are abundant in the host (13,14), which would facilitate FASII bypass. Reservoirs and invasion sites of clinical and community-acquired staphylococci (i.e., skin, nares, gut, blood, and organs) are naturally rich in fatty acids (13-16), and triclosan is present in the environment and in human body fluids (17,18). This combination could favor FASII bypass via emergence of triclosan-resistant variants, including fatty acid auxotrophs. Fatty-acid-dependent isolates escape detection on standard isolation media, thereby confounding diagnosis and treatment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Relevance of Type II Fatty Acid Synthesis Bypass in Staphylococcus aureus

Gloux

Guillemet

Soler

et al. 2017

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…Therefore comprehensive metabolomic data needs to be assessed by bringing together data from different platforms [12,51,54]. A number of nutritional studies have used a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) based metabolomic approach to analyse fatty acids (FAs) and amino acids (AAs) [34,41] FAs play an important role in metabolic health taking part in many cellular processes, serving as energy reserves or regulating gene expression. Obese subjects report elevated concentrations of serum total FAs, which may have an impact on the development of metabolic syndrome and related disorders [22,50,52].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomics identifies changes in fatty acid and amino acid profiles in serum of overweight older adults following a weight loss intervention

et al. 2014

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3 AbstractThe application of metabolomics in nutritional research may be a useful tool to analyse and predict the response to a dietary intervention. The aim of this study was to examine metabolic changes in serum samples following exposure to an energy-restricted diet (-15% of daily energy requirements) over a period of 8 weeks in overweight and obese older adults (n=22) using a GC/MS metabolomic approach. After the 8 weeks, there were significant reductions in weight (7%) and metabolic improvement (glucose and lipid profile). Metabolomic analysis found that total saturated fatty acids (SFAs), including palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were significantly decreased after the 8 week intervention.Furthermore, palmitoleic acid (C16:1) was found to be a negative predictor of change in body fat loss. Both the total ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) significantly decreased although the overall total amounts of PUFAs did not. The branched chain amino acid (BCAA) isoleucine significantly decreased in the serum samples after the intervention. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the weight loss intervention based on a hypocaloric diet identified changes in the metabolic profiles of serum in overweight and obese older adults, with a reduction in anthropometric and biochemical parameters also found.

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“…The composition of sebum is also influenced by commensal microorganisms inhabiting the pilosebaceous apparatus such as Malassezia yeast and Propionibacterium acnes, which release free fatty acids from sebaceous triglycerides (13). Therefore, the presence of these commensal microorganisms may change sebum components.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A loss of barrier function exists in skin dryness, and some skin disorders may easily occur because of this. This type of facial cutaneous microenvironment may facilitate mite proliferation (13). The survival of Demodex mites has been shown to be influenced by temperature, humidity, pH, medium, and other factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of sebum configuration on Demodex spp. density

et al. 2016

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Background/aim: Demodex spp. are ectoparasites living in the pilosebaceous units, which feed on the host's sebum and cellular proteins. The protective barrier of the skin consists of sebum secretion, moisture, and the acid mantle. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of skin sebum, moisture, pH levels, and sebum configuration on Demodex spp. density Materials and methods: Forty-five patients who had demodicosis were enrolled in the study group, while the control group consisted of 40 subjects without demodicosis. Body fat percentage, serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, skin sebum, moisture, and pH levels were measured. Demodex spp. density was determined with a standardized skin surface biopsy. Sebum samples were taken from the forehead and a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was performed on these samples. Subsequently, densitometric analyses were applied to the HPTLC plates.Results: Demodex spp. were found on the cheeks and lived in an alkali environment. Skin sebum and moisture levels were low in all groups. The skin pH levels and cholesterol ester in the sebum configuration were determined to be significantly higher in the group with demodicosis. Conclusion:We suggest that Demodex spp. may use cholesterol ester in the sebum as nutriment. In other words, cholesterol ester may be a suitable growth medium for the proliferation of Demodex spp.

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The fatty acid profile of the skin surface lipid layer in papulopustular rosacea

Cited by 109 publications

References 45 publications

Clinical Relevance of Type II Fatty Acid Synthesis Bypass in Staphylococcus aureus

Clinical Relevance of Type II Fatty Acid Synthesis Bypass in Staphylococcus aureus

Metabolomics identifies changes in fatty acid and amino acid profiles in serum of overweight older adults following a weight loss intervention

The effects of sebum configuration on Demodex spp. density

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