The fatty acid composition of human milk in Europe and Africa

Koletzko, Berthold; Thiel, Iris; Po, Abiodun

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)81238-7

Cited by 299 publications

(197 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In the present study, however, the mean of 13.8% (9.7-17.9%) was obtained. For linolenic acid, the range values of 0.3 to 0.7 has been reported by others (Broschel et al, 1986, Koletzko et al, 1992 and it was 1.1% in our samples. The monounsaturated fatty acid (C18:1o9) content in our study was lower than European human milk (Koletzko et al, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…For linolenic acid, the range values of 0.3 to 0.7 has been reported by others (Broschel et al, 1986, Koletzko et al, 1992 and it was 1.1% in our samples. The monounsaturated fatty acid (C18:1o9) content in our study was lower than European human milk (Koletzko et al, 1992). This may reflect a lower consumption of monounsaturated fatty acid from animal fats and olive or Canola oils by Iranians (Finley et al, 1985, Koletzko et al, 1992.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…The monounsaturated fatty acid (C18:1o9) content in our study was lower than European human milk (Koletzko et al, 1992). This may reflect a lower consumption of monounsaturated fatty acid from animal fats and olive or Canola oils by Iranians (Finley et al, 1985, Koletzko et al, 1992. Arachidonic acid (C20:4o6) is synthesized from elongation and desaturation of C18:2o6 in mammary glands and is highly concentrated in the central nervous system (Carlson, 2001).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

“…As the diets, consumed by lactating mothers in our study, were low in animal protein and animal fat but mainly consisted of complex carbohydrates, the milk tend to have high content of short-and medium-chain fatty acids. In the milk of African women also high levels of C12 and C14 fatty acids (20-30%) have been reported (Koletzko et al, 1992). Trans fatty acids are mainly produced during industrial hydrogenation of vegetable oils and their presence in the human milk comes mainly from the diet (Aitchison et al, 1977;Lawrence, 1994;Ratnayake & Chen, 1996;Mojska, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fatty acid composition of human milk in Western Iran

Bahrami

Rahimi

2005

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: To investigate the fatty acid composition of mature human milk in Western Iran with special focus on trans fatty acids. Design: Observational study. Methods: Milk samples were collected from 52 lactating mothers aging 19-39 y, from Western Iran. Subjects were asked to complete a diet questionnaire. Milk fatty acids were measured as 2-nitrophenylhydrazide derivatives by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: Saturated fatty acids were the main fraction of human milk (41.3%). Medium-chain fatty acids (C8:0-C14:0) constituted 24%, oleic acid (C18:1o9) accounted for 30.9% and elaidic acid (C18:1T), the trans isomer of oleic acid, comprised 11.3% of the total milk fatty acids. Linoleic (C18:2o6) and linolenic (C18:3o3) acid contents were 13.8 and 1.1%, respectively. The level of the polyunsaturated fatty acids was 1.4% for arachidonic (C20:4o6) and 0.2% for eicosapentaenoic (C20:5o3) acid. Conclusions: The milk from Iranian lactating mothers, as compared to that from the American or European mothers, contained high levels of medium-chain and trans fatty acids. This difference may be attributed to the maternal diet with low animal protein and animal fat but with high carbohydrate and partially hydrogenated vegetable oils that carry large amounts of trans fatty acids. As the detrimental effects of trans fatty acids on blood lipids and cardiovascular diseases have been emphasized in the literature, a reduction of trans fatty acid content in the diet of Iranian mothers is suggested.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fatty acid composition of human milk in Western Iran

Bahrami

Rahimi

2005

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…Their contents remain almost constant in very different populations regardless of their ethnic origin and food habits (Koletzko et al, 1992). When breast feeding is not possible, the supply of dietary LC-PUFA may be given through artificial infant milk formulae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant nutrition

2003

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Objective: To review briefly the influence of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) on tissue composition and functionality in early infancy. Moreover, the influences of LC-PUFA sources on plasma composition as well as the effects of these fatty acids on intestinal repair after malnutrition are discussed. Results: Human milk not only supplies essential fatty acids but also contains up to 2% of the total fatty acids as LC-PUFA, of which arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are considered the most important. Plasma and erythrocyte levels of both AA and DHA are decreased in infants fed artificial standard milk formulae. However, the supplementation of formulae with these fatty acids in amounts close to that of human milk leads to tissue LC-PUFA patterns similar to those of breast-fed infants. However, the bioavailability of LC-PUFA depends on the typical LC-PUFA source; egg phospholipids increases both AA and DHA in plasma phospholipids and HDL more than a mixture of tuna and fungal triglycerides. Conclusions: Dietary LC-PUFA affects positively the growth and development of the infant and ameliorates the visual and cognitive functions, particularly in preterm infants. Likewise, LC-PUFA improves intestinal repair in severe protein-energy malnutrition; therefore, its qualitative and quantitative dietary supply should be considered.

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