The Fate of the Missing Spores — Patterns of Realized Dispersal beyond the Closest Vicinity of a Sporulating Moss

Lönnell, Niklas; Hylander, Kristoffer; Jonsson, Bengt Gunnar; Sundberg, Sebastian

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041987

Cited by 59 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In our experiment, the minimum distance to a population was 100 -200 m, which is beyond those 40 -50 m where the sharp decline in the probability function levels out from a point source (L ö nnell et al 2012(L ö nnell et al , Norros et al 2012. Considering that the species invests much in reproduction and given that a proportion of the spores are transported up into the air masses above canopy height, it seems likely that a pattern involving a regional spore source that is well distributed over the area can arise.…”

Section: Estimation Of Spore Production At the Landscape Scalementioning

confidence: 61%

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Production of diaspores at the landscape level regulates local colonization: an experiment with a spore‐dispersed moss

Lönnell¹,

Jonsson²,

Hylander³

2014

Ecography

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Eff ective dispersal is crucial to species inhabiting transient substrates in order for them to be able to persist in a landscape. Bryophytes, pteridophytes, lichens and fungi all have wind-dispersed small diaspores and can be effi ciently dispersed if their diaspores reach air masses above canopy height. However, empirical data on dispersal over landscape scales are scarce. We investigated how the colonization of an acrocarpous clay-inhabiting pioneer moss, Discelium nudum, varied between sites that diff ered in connectivity to potential dispersal sources at spatial scales from 1 to 20 km in a region in northern Sweden. We recorded the colonization on ~ 25 introduced clay heaps at each of 14 experimental sites some months after the dispersal period. Th e colonization rate ranged from 0 -82% and had a statistically signifi cant relationship with a proxy for potential habitats (amount of clay-dominated soil) in a buff er of 20 km radius surrounding the experimental sites (and also weakly with the amount of substrate in a 10 km buff er). Th ere were no signifi cant relationships between colonization rate and connectivity at smaller scales (1 and 5 km). We made a rough estimate of the number of spores available for dispersal in a landscape, given the amount of clay-dominated soil, by recording the number of Discelium nudum colonies in two 25 ϫ 25 km landscapes. Th e estimated available spore numbers in the diff erent 20 km buff ers were of the same order of magnitude as the deposition densities at the experimental sites calculated from the colonization rates. Th e results suggest that the spores of species with scattered occurrences and small diaspores (25 μ m) in open landscapes can be deposited over extensive areas, at rates high enough to drive colonization patterns. Th is also implies that regional connectivity may be more important than local connectivity for these kinds of species.

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Section: Estimation Of Spore Production At the Landscape Scalementioning

confidence: 61%

“…Initially, this appears to be counterintuitive since we know that there is a steep decline in deposition of diaspores (also shown for spores) from a point source (S ö derstr ö m and Jonsson 1989, Bullock and Clarke 2000, Roads and Longton 2003, Sundberg 2005, L ö nnell et al 2012. those with a 20 km radius.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of diaspores at the landscape level regulates local colonization: an experiment with a spore‐dispersed moss

Lönnell¹,

Jonsson²,

Hylander³

2014

Ecography

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“…However, molecular dating evidence revealed that patterns that are spatially congruent with an ancient vicariance scenario might in fact be temporally congruent with a more recent long-distance dispersal hypothesis (for review see Villarreal and Renner, 2014). In fact, bryophytes appear as extremely efficient dispersers based on world-scale patterns of floristic turnover , correlations between floristic patterns and wind connectivity (Muñoz et al, 2004), experimental evidence (Lönnell et al, 2012(Lönnell et al, , 2014Sundberg, 2013) and substantial allele sharing among trans-oceanic populations (Szövényi et al, 2008;Shaw et al, 2014Shaw et al, , 2015a. Furthermore, bryophytes may be prone to biotic dispersal across continents and oceans (Lewis et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Is the sword moss (Bryoxiphium) a preglacial Tertiary relict?

Patiño

Goffinet

Sim‐Sim

et al. 2016

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

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a b s t r a c tThe disjunction of floras between East Asia, Southeast North America, West North America, and Southwest Eurasia has been interpreted in terms of the fragmentation of a once continuous mixed mesophytic forest that occurred throughout the Northern Hemisphere due to the climatic and geological changes during the late Tertiary. The sword moss, Bryoxiphium, exhibits a distribution that strikingly resembles that of the mesophytic forest elements such as Liriodendron and is considered as the only living member of an early Tertiary flora in Iceland. These hypotheses are tested here using molecular dating analyses and ancestral area estimations. The results suggest that the extant range of Bryoxiphium results from the fragmentation of a formerly wider range encompassing North America and Southeast Asia about 10 million years ago. The split of continental ancestral populations is too recent to match with a continental drift scenario but is spatially and temporally remarkably congruent with that observed in Tertiary angiosperm relict species. The timing of the colonization of Iceland from Macaronesian ancestors, about two million years ago, is, however, incompatible with the hypothesis that Bryoxiphium is the only living member of an early Tertiary flora of the island. Alaska was recurrently colonized from East Asia. The ability of Bryoxiphium to overcome large oceanic barriers is further evidenced by its occurrence on remote oceanic archipelagos. In particular, Madeira was colonized twice independently from American and East Asian ancestors, respectively. The striking range disjunction of Bryoxiphium is interpreted in terms of its mating system, as the taxon exhibits a very singular pattern of spatial segregation of the sexes.

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“…For our study, we based the extent of the geographic region in which background points were taken on dispersal capacity and history of the species (see Acevedo et al [62]) using buffers around presence points. Spore dispersal patterns of bryophytes show a leptokurtic distribution [65,66] and density of falling spores is higher near the source with decreasing density in scales ranging from several dozens of meters [67] to several hundreds of kilometers [68], with significant number of spores travelling longer distances [69][70][71][72]. However, the typical effective dispersal for most colonizing bryophytes is in the tens of kilometers [73][74][75], and approximately 1% of the spore rain at the regional scale is assumed to have trans-or intercontinental origin [68].…”

Section: Background Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the distribution of rare and interesting moss species of the family Orthotrichaceae (Bryophyta) in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan

2017

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Bryological research carried out from 2008 in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan brought interesting data on the occurrence of epiphytic bryophytes which have not been recorded yet there. One of the species was recently described as a new (Orthotrichum pamiricum) and some of the other newly recorded species are considered as rare or endangered in the region of Middle Asia. To make detailed field monitoring of the species with the aim of mapping their distribution in a wild and complex mountainous terrain, it was necessary in the first instance to identify the area with suitable conditions for the occurrence of these species. We present an innovative modeling program MaxEnt (maximum entropy modeling), which have not previously been used for modeling either epiphytic bryophytes or in the Middle Asia region. Using 205 samples (presence-only data), percent tree cover, and seven uncorrelated bioclimatic variables, regions suitable for the occurrence of the studied species were identified. Distribution models for eight most interesting species of Orthotrichum are presented here (O. affine, O. anomalum, O. crenulatum, O. cupulatum, O. pallens, O. pamiricum, O. pumilum, and O. speciosum). They indicated appropriate areas for the most probable occurrence of the species in western Tajikistan, and southwestern and northeastern Kyrgyzstan. These results could serve as guides for future survey expeditions, and aid in the conservation of target species and our understanding of their ecology. Different environmental variables for various species were selected as the most important for modeling. However, for most species higher minimum temperatures and higher precipitation in the wettest month and mean diurnal range were the variables with the greatest contribution to the models.

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The Fate of the Missing Spores — Patterns of Realized Dispersal beyond the Closest Vicinity of a Sporulating Moss

Cited by 59 publications

References 42 publications

Production of diaspores at the landscape level regulates local colonization: an experiment with a spore‐dispersed moss

Production of diaspores at the landscape level regulates local colonization: an experiment with a spore‐dispersed moss

Is the sword moss (Bryoxiphium) a preglacial Tertiary relict?

Modeling the distribution of rare and interesting moss species of the family Orthotrichaceae (Bryophyta) in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan

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