The fate of coccoliths at 48°N 21°W, Northeastern Atlantic

Ziveri, Patrizia; Broerse, Alexandra T.C.; Hinte, J.E. van; Westbroek, Peter; Honjo, Susumu

doi:10.1016/s0967-0645(00)00009-6

Cited by 75 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The difference between the two transport processes is of two to three orders of magnitude, indicating that aerial dispersal can be an efficient transmission mechanism, which can contribute to the observed large-scale, rapid, and synchronized E. huxleyi bloom demise attributed to viral infection (5,6,9,10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection of phytoplankton by aerosolized marine viruses

Sharoni

Trainic

Schatz

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Marine viruses constitute a major ecological and evolutionary driving force in the marine ecosystems. However, their dispersal mechanisms remain underexplored. Here we follow the dynamics of Emiliania huxleyi viruses (EhV) that infect the ubiquitous, bloom-forming phytoplankton E. huxleyi and show that EhV are emitted to the atmosphere as primary marine aerosols. Using a laboratory-based setup, we showed that the dynamic of EhV aerial emission is strongly coupled to the host-virus dynamic in the culture media. In addition, we recovered EhV DNA from atmospheric samples collected over an E. huxleyi bloom in the North Atlantic, providing evidence for aerosolization of marine viruses in their natural environment. Decay rate analysis in the laboratory revealed that aerosolized viruses can remain infective under meteorological conditions prevailing during E. huxleyi blooms in the ocean, allowing potential dispersal and infectivity over hundreds of kilometers. Based on the combined laboratory and in situ findings, we propose that atmospheric transport of EhV is an effective transmission mechanism for spreading viral infection over large areas in the ocean. This transmission mechanism may also have an important ecological impact on the large-scale host-virus "arms race" during bloom succession and consequently the turnover of carbon in the ocean.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection of phytoplankton by aerosolized marine viruses

Sharoni

Trainic

Schatz

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…In the area altered E. huxleyi coccoliths (Winter, 1982a) appear to co-occurring with well-preserved holococcoliths as illustrated by Müller (1976). Small holococcoliths are prone to dissolution (Tappan, 1980), are selectively dissolved in the water column (Ziveri et al, 1999a(Ziveri et al, , 2000b, commonly absent at the early stage of diagenesis in ancient sediments and very rare to absent in oceanic environment (e.g. Roth, 1974;Takahashi and Okada, 2000).…”

Section: Atypical Carbonate Diagenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormal carbonate diagenesis in Holocene–late Pleistocene sapropel-associated sediments from the Eastern Mediterranean; evidence from Emiliania huxleyi coccolith morphology

Crudeli

Young

Erba

et al. 2004

Marine Micropaleontology

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In studying the Holocene -late Pleistocene record of the Eastern Mediterranean, considerable Emiliania huxleyi size/shape variation not clearly assignable to primary or secondary calcification was observed. Accordingly, different morphotypes were distinguished by light microscope (LM).A subsequent scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of selected samples has indicated that Emiliania huxleyi coccoliths are variably affected by carbonate diagenesis in these sediments. A series of diagenetic stages were qualitatively defined, comprising well-preserved specimens, three overgrowth (OG1 to OG3) and one etching (E1) stage. Comparing SEM and LM observations, a tentative correlation between the E. huxleyi calcified LM-morphotypes and E. huxleyi SEM-overgrowth stages is proposed here.Our study not only indicates that Emiliania huxleyi coccoliths are strongly influenced by carbonate diagenesis, but also that they show effects of carbonate precipitation and dissolution much more clearly than other coccoliths. The relative abundances of the different LM-morphotypes were used to define an E. huxleyi overgrowth index (EXO) that qualitatively estimates carbonate precipitation/dissolution on coccoliths in this sediment. This resulted in definition of five ''Diagenetic'' intervals (D1 to D5). Deposition of sapropel S1 was a time of good preservation with variable dissolution and no overgrowth of E. huxleyi coccoliths, whereas calcite overgrowth was high during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and interglacial period and, to a lesser extent, during the Younger Dryas and through the last 5 ka. D

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“…There is, however, still an imperfect knowledge of the significance of the life cycle. Unfortunately, the fossil record of holococcolithophores is limited due to their low preservation potential (Schneidermann, 1977;Tappan, 1980;Steinmetz, 1991;Ziveri et al, 2000;Young et al, 2005) so palaeontological observations cannot usually be used to address this problem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fossil record of holococcoliths and selected hetero-holococcolith associations from the Mediterranean (Holocene–late Pleistocene): Evaluation of carbonate diagenesis and palaeoecological–palaeocenographic implications

Crudeli

Young

Erba

et al. 2006

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

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The Holocene-late Pleistocene distribution of holococcoliths, is quantified by light microscopy from cores from the Western Mediterranean, the Aegean Sea and eight eastern Mediterranean cores recovering sapropel S1. The diversity of fossil holococcoliths is much lower than is seen in the plankton, indicating selective preservation. However the holococcolith phases of Syracosphaera pulchra and Helicosphaera carteri are abundantly preserved allowing a comparison of fossil records of heterococcolith and holococcolith phases of these species.In shallow cores a primary palaeocological signal appears to be preserved, suggesting that under suitable circumstances it is possible to use holococcoliths in palaeoceanography. The common occurrence of holococcoliths in the sapropels from these cores suggests low surface-water productivity, supporting previous inferences that productivity enhancement during sapropel deposition was confined to the deep-chlorophyll maximum.In deeper cores there is dramatic decrease in abundance of S. pulchra holococcoliths within sapropel sediments. From comparison of shallow and deep cores and from Emiliania huxleyi preservation data we conclude that this is a preservation signal. Evidently the calyptroliths produced by S. pulchra have a lower preservation potential than the syracoliths produced by H. carteri, we interpret this as a product of their more open structure. D

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The fate of coccoliths at 48°N 21°W, Northeastern Atlantic

Cited by 75 publications

References 28 publications

Infection of phytoplankton by aerosolized marine viruses

Infection of phytoplankton by aerosolized marine viruses

Abnormal carbonate diagenesis in Holocene–late Pleistocene sapropel-associated sediments from the Eastern Mediterranean; evidence from Emiliania huxleyi coccolith morphology

Fossil record of holococcoliths and selected hetero-holococcolith associations from the Mediterranean (Holocene–late Pleistocene): Evaluation of carbonate diagenesis and palaeoecological–palaeocenographic implications

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