The fate of carotenoids in sediments: An overview

Damsté, J.S. Sinninghe; Koopmans, Martin P.

doi:10.1351/pac199769102067

Cited by 87 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…There are several reports showing that partly reduced lipids, in particular carotenoids, occur in recent or very immature sediments (e.g. Watts and Maxwell 1979;Boon et al 1981;De Castro 1994;Sinninghe Damsté and Koopmans 1997;Schaeffer et al, 1997aSchaeffer et al, , 1997b and hydrogen sulfide seems to be a key player as the agent of reduction (Hebting et al 2006). …”

Section: Reduction Processes and The Preservation Of Organic Mattermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prominent biomarkers preserved in this way include acyclic isoprenoids, carotenoids (e.g. Schaeflé et al 1977;Adam et al, 1993Sinninghe Damsté and Koopmans 1997;Hebting et al 2006) and bacteriohopanepolyols (Ourisson and Albrecht 1992;. Although the cited examples indicate that reduction processes are commonly involved in the transformation of organic matter, little is known on the specifics of the mechanism(s) with the exception of thermal reduction and reactions with hydrogen sulfide (Hebting et al 2006).…”

Section: Reduction Processes and The Preservation Of Organic Mattermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Biosignatures

et al. 2007

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Life, as we know it, is based on carbon chemistry operating in an aqueous environment. Living organisms process chemicals, make copies of themselves, are autonomous and evolve in concert with the environment. All these characteristics are driven by, and operate through, carbon chemistry. The carbon chemistry of living systems is an exact branch of science and we have detailed knowledge of the basic metabolic and reproductive machinery of living organisms. We can recognise the residual biochemicals long after life has expired and otherwise lost most life-defining features. Carbon chemistry provides a tool for identifying extant and extinct life on Earth and, potentially, throughout the Universe. In recognizing that certain distinctive compounds isolable from living systems had related fossil derivatives, organic geochemists coined the term biological marker compound or biomarker (e.g. Eglinton et al. in Science 145:263-264, 1964) to describe them. In this terminology, biomarkers are metabolites or biochemicals by which we can identify particular kinds of living organisms as well as the molecular fossil derivatives by which we identify defunct counterparts. The terms biomarker and molecular biosignature are synonymous.A defining characteristic of terrestrial life is its metabolic versatility and adaptability and it is reasonable to expect that this is universal. Different physiologies operate for carbon acquisition, the garnering of energy and the storage and processing of information. As R.E. Summons ( ) R.E. Summons et al.well as having a range of metabolisms, organisms build biomass suited to specific physical environments, habitats and their ecological imperatives. This overall 'metabolic diversity' manifests itself in an enormous variety of accompanying product molecules (i.e. natural products). The whole field of organic chemistry grew from their study and now provides tools to link metabolism (i.e. physiology) to the occurrence of biomarkers specific to, and diagnostic for, particular kinds of metabolism.Another characteristic of living things, also likely to be pervasive, is that an enormous diversity of large molecules are built from a relatively small subset of universal precursors. These include the four bases of DNA, 20 amino acids of proteins and two kinds of lipid building blocks. Third, life exploits the specificity inherent in the spatial, that is, the three-dimensional qualities of organic chemicals (stereochemistry). These characteristics then lead to some readily identifiable and measurable generic attributes that would be diagnostic as biosignatures.Measurable attributes of molecular biosignatures include:• Enantiomeric excess • Diastereoisomeric preference • Structural isomer preference • Repeating constitutional sub-units or atomic ratios • Systematic isotopic ordering at molecular and intramolecular levels • Uneven distribution patterns or clusters (e.g. C-number, concentration, δ 13 C) of structurally related compounds.In this paper we address details of the chemical and biosynthetic basis ...

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Section: Reduction Processes and The Preservation Of Organic Mattermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reduction Processes and The Preservation Of Organic Mattermentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Biosignatures

et al. 2007

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“…32,33 Moreover, the identified imide of maleic acid, 2-ethyl-3-methylmaleimide, might be present as a by-product of the photo-oxidation of chlorophyll, 34 since this pigment is evidentially present in Stevia rebaudiana leaves. Loliolide and dihydroactinidiolide represent degradation products of carotenoides.…”

Section: Ethyl Acetate Extractmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical composition of leaf extracts of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni grown experimentally in Vojvodina

Markovic

Djarmati²,

Abramović

2008

J Serb Chem Soc

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The chemical composition of leaf extracts of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, grown for the first time on an experimental field near Zrenjanin, was examined by GC-MS. The tested plant material was harvested in September of 2002. To analyze the chemical composition of the lipophilic components of the plant leaves, essential oils and ethyl acetate extract were isolated. Qualitative analysis of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation showed that among the identified 88 compounds, the majority were mono-and sesquiterpenes (50 types identified). By analysing the ethyl acetate extract, the presence of fatty acids (present as free and as esters), n-alkanes, n-alkenes, cyclic alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, etc. was ascertained. Sesquiterpenes prevailed among the terpenes (50 types identified). Further constituents identified in ethyl acetate extract included sterols. Nerol, β-cyclocitral, safranal, aromadendrene, α-amorphene and T-muurolol were identified for the first time in this species, with match values over 90 %. Taking into consideration that these terpenes were identified for the first time in this species, it is obvious that Stevia rebaudiana grown in this area possesses certain specific characteristics that can be ascribed to cultivation on a domestic plantation.

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“…These are distinguishing lipids of some oxygenproducing cyanobacteria ) and aerobic methanotrophic bacteria (Summons and Jahnke 1992), respectively. Fossil carotenoids are also important in reconstructing early Earth ecology (Summons and Powell 1986;Requejo et al 1992; for they have taxonomic specificity among phototrophic organisms (Krinsky 1994;Sinninghe Damsté and Koopmans 1997;Vershinin 1999).…”

Section: Lipid Taxonomic Specificitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fossil Lipids for Life-Detection: A Case Study from the Early Earth Record

Eigenbrode

2007

Space Sci Rev

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The geological preservation of lipids from the cell membranes of organisms bestows a precious record of ancient life, especially for the Precambrian eon (>542 million years ago) when Earth life was largely microbial. All organisms produce lipids that, if the lipids survive oxidative degradation, become molecular fossils entrained with information on biological diversity, environmental conditions, and post-depositional alteration history. As with most biosignatures, the molecular fossil record that is indigenous (of the same place) and syngenetic (of the same age) to host rocks can be compromised by the introduction from and reaction with foreign or younger materials (e.g., petroleum or endolithic life). Deciphering the resulting complex pool of organic signals requires tests for the provenance of molecular fossils and the overall quality of the geobiological record itself. This paper reviews the basis for the very existence of a molecular fossil record from lipid biochemistry to mechanisms of organic-matter preservation and geochemical alteration. A systematic approach to resolving the provenance of molecular fossils and historical qualities of the record is presented in a case study of an early Earth record. This example demonstrates the value of geological context and the integration of independent geobiological parameters, which are critical to the detection and understanding of the ecological processes responsible for records of life.

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The fate of carotenoids in sediments: An overview

Cited by 87 publications

References 19 publications

Molecular Biosignatures

Molecular Biosignatures

Chemical composition of leaf extracts of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni grown experimentally in Vojvodina

Fossil Lipids for Life-Detection: A Case Study from the Early Earth Record

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