The Fate of 1,2‐<sup>14</sup>C‐(Chloroethyl) Phosphonic Acid (Ethephon) in Olive (<i>Olea europea</i>)

Epstein, Ephraim; Klein, I.; Lavee, S.

doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1977.tb09281.x

Cited by 19 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…3 and 4), and a large proportion may enter the leaf just before complete evaporation of the liquid when the ethephon exists in a highly concentrated solution. This pattern of rapid ethephon uptake into olive fruits was noted by Epstein et al (1977) and similar conclusions were reached for gibberellic acid in citrus tissues (Greenberg and Goldschmidt 1990). Variability between individual leaf disks was high where some replicates had dried droplets and some remained wet (e.g., some large error bars in Figs.…”

Section: Treatmentsupporting

confidence: 52%

Routes of Ethephon Uptake in Pineapple (Ananas comosus) and Reasons for Failure of Flower Induction

Turnbull

Sinclair

Anderson

et al. 1999

J Plant Growth Regul

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Ethylene-releasing agents such as ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) are used widely to induce flowering in pineapples (Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill). However, ethephon treatment is less reliable in summer, particularly if plants are treated on abnormally hot days. [(14)C]ethephon was used to follow uptake and translocation in leaf tissues. Up to 30% of the ethephon entered the leaf within 4 h, and up to 60% by 24 h. Uptake was dramatically modified by temperature, relative humidity, solution pH, and the surface on which solution droplets were placed. Entry occurred across the leaf cuticle and probably also by way of stomatal pores, and label was recovered at all depths within the leaf. (14)C label entered more rapidly through the abaxial epidermis than through the adaxial epidermis. Low-volume spray applications to whole plants resulted in rapidly drying droplets mainly on the adaxial, distal epidermis and were rather ineffective at inducing flowering, possibly because little ethephon or ethylene reaches the shoot apex. High-volume sprays may facilitate ethephon entry because solution accumulates in leaf axils and hence remains in prolonged contact with abaxial epidermis of leaf bases close to the shoot apex. When poured into the center of the plant, 20% of a normal commercial ethephon dose induced full flowering even under adverse temperatures. It is suggested that high-volume evening spraying and avoidance of hot days may reduce the incidence of flowering failure.

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Section: Treatmentsupporting

confidence: 52%

Routes of Ethephon Uptake in Pineapple (Ananas comosus) and Reasons for Failure of Flower Induction

Turnbull

Sinclair

Anderson

et al. 1999

J Plant Growth Regul

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“…Researchers have reported that raising pH from 3 to ≈7 decreased FRF, presumably because of the more rapid release of ethylene from ethephon at that pH (Ben-Tal and Lavee, 1976aLavee, , 1976b. A body of literature has evolved based on this point, and the presumed pulse of ethylene that comes from ethephon decomposition as the daily temperature rises in the field increases the decomposition rate (Epstein et al, 1977;Klein et al, 1978Klein et al, , 1981. In most cases in which ethephon was used, the pH was raised using phosphate buffers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Penetration of ERCs into plants and their subsequent movement within plant tissues can influence their effectiveness (Kays and Beaudry, 1987). Epstein et al (1977) studied penetration of 14 C-ethephon at pH 7 in phosphate buffer into attached and detached olives and rachides (pedicels). More radiolabeled material was found in the fruit when 14 C-ethephon was applied at the distal end of the fruit than when it was applied to the pedicel-fruit cavity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ethephon Tissue Penetration and Harvest Effectiveness in Olive as a Function of Solution pH, Application Time, and BA or NAA Addition

Denney¹,

Martin²

1994

jashs

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Fruit removal force (FRF) and percent leaf drop (LD) of fruit-bearing olive (Olea europaea L.) shoots were examined 120 hours after being sprayed with ethephon at 600 mg·liter-1 and held under controlled-environmental conditions analogous to those found in the field in California at harvest time in mid-October. FRF was not significantly affected by solution pH, but FRF of all treated shoots was significantly lower than that of the untreated controls. Only at pH 5 was percent LD significantly greater than that of the controls, but, of the shoots treated with ethephon, the lowest percent LD occurred at pH 3. Percent LD after treatment with ethephon at pH 3 was not affected by application time, but FRF was significantly less than the controls' when shoots were treated at 7 am or 12 pm but not at 5 pm or 10 pm. Adding NAA to the ethephon solution raised FRF and adding BA lowered FRF compared to ethephon alone. Adding NAA or BA did not mitigate percent LD significantly. Adding BA advanced anthocyanin production in fruit. Ethephon penetration of rachides was ≈70% that of petioles. Correlation between ethephon penetration of petioles and percent LD was greater than that between penetration of rachides and FRF. Correlation was significant for both tissues only in the 12 pm pH 3 treatment; correlation was also significant for petiole penetration and percent LD at pH 5. Autoradiographic studies of the 14C-ethephon penetration showed no pH effect, greater penetration into petioles than rachides, and that radioactivity was limited largely to intercellular spaces, with accumulation in vascular bundles, especially xylem. Regardless of treatment, FRF and percent LD are negatively correlated (r2 = 0.615). Mean results to be expected using ethephon as an olive harvest aid under these conditions are an FRF of ≈3 N and a percent LD of ≈15%. The desired low FRF and percent LD were obtained by applying ethephon alone at pH 3 at 7 am. Raising ethephon solution pH does not increase harvest effectiveness. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BA).

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“…Some investigators claimed that ethephon is not translocated at all [10,12,13] ; others demonstrated good and rapid translocation of 14 C-ethephon [21,23,24] . Still others reported that translocation occurs in some tissues but not in others [13,20], or that the moving compounds are actually labelled products of the 14 C-ethephon applied [9,13,14] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of ethephon requirements for abscission in olive fruits

Ben-Tal

1992

Plant Growth Regul

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Ethepon is used commercially in Israel to facilitate mechanical harvesting or hand picking of olive fruits, but the results are often not satisfactory, due to insufficient reduction of the fruit removal force . Studies with 14 C-ethephon were carried out to follow the fate of the applied ethephon from treatment until fruit harvest and to determine the actual uptake and efficiency of the sprayed compound .Only a small portion (less than 3%) of the applied ethephon actually penetrated the target tissue i .e . the pedicels, and released the ethylene responsible for promoting fruit loosening . There was almost no translocation of ethephon from other organs (leaves, fruits) to the fruit pedicels . Extended imbibition in the ethephon solution increased ethephon uptake, which was also enhanced by higher ambient temperatures . Penetration of ethephon varied among different tissues (leaves, fruits and pedicels) . Field applications enabled some calculations of the relationship between the amount of ethephon applied and that actually required to achieve proper fruit loosening . . IntroductionTreatments with (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) to enhance fruit ripening have been known for many years [1,17] . More specifically, ethephon has been used to promote fruit abscission and to enable to easy hand picking or mechanical fruit harvesting in cherries [8], apple [11], olive [15], citrus [25], macadamia [16] and many others [17] .In the cited publications, information was given regarding ethephon concentrations and volumes, the components of the spray solutions, climatic conditions at the time of application, and the degree of success achieved in comparison with controls .In order to introduce mechanical harvest of olives (Olea europeae L .), manuals on the use of ethephon were distributed to olive growers [2,3,5] . However, results were inconsistent . Sometimes, treated trees failed to drop their fruits or only 397 partial fruit drop occurred . Complaints were received concerning failure to achieve satisfactory fruit loosening and expense of the method . Satisfactory fruit loosening was achieved mostly when orchards were sprayed with 40001 ha -' , divided into two sprays at an inverval of 20-30 minutes . The concentration of the commercial 'Ethrel' used was 0 .25-0 .3%, which cost $600-720 ha -' in addition to the other expenses of two sprayings . Reductions in ethephon concentrations, or smaller spraying volumes, resulted in fruit removal force (FRF) values too high to ensure satisfactory (> 85% fruit drop) mechanical harvest [4,6,18] . Understanding the reasons for ineffective treatments, and achieving a major reduction in spraying costs, were necessary. Employing 14 C-ethephon to study actual uptake, translocation, rate of ethylene released, and the relationship between these factors and fruit abscission, seemed to be the only solution .

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The Fate of 1,2‐¹⁴C‐(Chloroethyl) Phosphonic Acid (Ethephon) in Olive (Olea europea)

Cited by 19 publications

References 14 publications

Routes of Ethephon Uptake in Pineapple (Ananas comosus) and Reasons for Failure of Flower Induction

Routes of Ethephon Uptake in Pineapple (Ananas comosus) and Reasons for Failure of Flower Induction

Ethephon Tissue Penetration and Harvest Effectiveness in Olive as a Function of Solution pH, Application Time, and BA or NAA Addition

Quantification of ethephon requirements for abscission in olive fruits

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The Fate of 1,2‐14C‐(Chloroethyl) Phosphonic Acid (Ethephon) in Olive (Olea europea)

Cited by 19 publications

References 14 publications

Routes of Ethephon Uptake in Pineapple (Ananas comosus) and Reasons for Failure of Flower Induction

Routes of Ethephon Uptake in Pineapple (Ananas comosus) and Reasons for Failure of Flower Induction

Ethephon Tissue Penetration and Harvest Effectiveness in Olive as a Function of Solution pH, Application Time, and BA or NAA Addition

Quantification of ethephon requirements for abscission in olive fruits

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The Fate of 1,2‐¹⁴C‐(Chloroethyl) Phosphonic Acid (Ethephon) in Olive (Olea europea)