The fate and behavior of lead alkyls in the environment: A review

Rhue, R. D.; Mansell, R. S.; Ou, Li‐Tse; Cox, Robert F.; Tang, Shuai; Ouyang, Ying

doi:10.1080/10643389209388435

Cited by 37 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…In 1977, world production was ca 700,000 tons, in 1980 500,000 tons, and at present less than 100,000 tons. Nowadays only lead-free gasoline may be used as an automobile fuel in the US and EU (47). Lead was removed from automotive gasoline, but aircraft fuel still contains this toxic substance.…”

Section: Important Tetravalent Lead Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Lead Toxicology

Patočka

Cerný

2008

Acta Med. (Hradec Kralove, Czech Repub.)

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Summary:Lead is one of the oldest known and most widely studied occupational and environmental poison. Despite intensive study, there is still debate about the toxic effects of lead, both from low-level exposure in the general population owing to environmental pollution and historic use of lead in paint and plumbing and from exposure in the occupational setting. Significant position have organic lead compounds used more than 60 years as antiknock additives in gasoline. Chemical and toxicological characteristics of main tetraalkyl leads used as gasoline additives are discussed in this article. The majority of industries historically associated with high lead exposure have made dramatic advances in their control of occupational exposure. However, cases of unacceptably high exposure and even of frank lead poisoning are still seen, predominantly in the demolition and tank cleaning industries. Nevertheless, in most industries blood lead levels have declined below levels at which signs or symptoms are seen and the current focus of attention is on the subclinical effects of exposure. The significance of some of these effects for the overt health of the workers is often the subject of debate. Inevitably there is pressure to reduce lead exposure in the general population and in working environments, because current studies show that no level of lead exposure appears to be a 'safe' and even the current 'low' levels of exposure, especially in children, are associated with neurodevelopmental deficits.

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Section: Important Tetravalent Lead Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Lead Toxicology

Patočka

Cerný

2008

Acta Med. (Hradec Kralove, Czech Repub.)

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“…Tetraethyllead (TEL) was first added to commercial gasoline in 1923 to suppress pre-ignition and to improve its octane rating (Nriagu, 1989). By 1950, most gasoline in the USA contained TEL (Rhue et al, 1992) and consumption continued to increase until a peak was reached in the 1970's (Fig. 3).…”

Section: Lead Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and isotopic records of combustion inputs to the environment over the last 250 years

Lima¹

2004

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“…Apresentamos uma série de estudos, baseados em simulações de Dinâmica Molecular no vácuo e em solução, sobre o processo de complexação das supramoléculas tetraethylester p-tert-butyl calix [4]arene (CLE) e tetramethylketone p-tert-butyl calix [4]arene (CLC) com os íons Pb 2+ e Cd 2+ e espécies neutras. Os modelos para as moléculas de calixareno e do solvente foram baseados no campo de forças OPLS-AA.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…A poluição por metais pesados é um dos mais preocupantes problemas ambientais da humanidade, principalmente no caso do cádmio e chumbo [1][2][3][4]. O descarte indevido de baterias, a utilização indiscriminada de herbicidas e fungicidas, a queima de gasolina e vários tipos de processos industriais são os principais responsáveis pela emissão dessas substâncias.…”

Section: Capítulo 1-introdução Geralunclassified

“…We report a series of Molecular Dynamics simulations, in vacuum and in acetonitrile solution, on the complexation process of the calixarens tetraethylester ptert-butyl calix [4]arene (CLE) and tetramethylketone p-tert-butyl calix [4]arene (CLC) with Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ anions and neutral species. The solvent and calixarene molecules were modeled based on the OPLS-AA force field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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"Estudo do processo de complexação de calixarenos com íons metálicos e espécies neutras por simulações de dinâmica molecular"

Araújo¹

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ii A minha esposa Kely, pelo companheirismo, paciência e carinho mesmo nos momentos mais críticos, aos meus pais e irmãos, que sempre me incentivaram a seguir o caminho da ciência desde a infância e ao Fuyu, companheiro fiel de todas as horas a frente do computador.iii Agradecimentos• Aos meus orientadores Prof. Eduardo Ernesto Castellano e Prof. Oscar Enrique Piro, por sempre se esforçarem ao máximo para trilharem, junto a mim, o caminho nessa área de pesquisa, estando presentes a todo e qualquer momento que necessitei de ajuda.• Ao amigo Dr. Milton, que sempre me incentivou a seguir essa área e, principalmente, me ensinou grande parte do pouco que hoje sei.• Ao Dr. Ernesto que, mesmo pouco me conhecendo, me acolheu em seu laboratório como um antigo colaborador, se tornando desde então um grande amigo e professor.• A meus avós, tios e primos que tanto se preocuparam com meu bem-estar e que sempre acreditaram no meu potencial e na relevância do meu trabalho.• A todos os amigos que compartilham comigo a paixão pela pesca esportiva, atividade indispensável para manter minha mente sã. O stress de dias de trabalho desaparece em poucas horas no rio com vocês.• A FAPESP pelo apoio financeiro imprescindível. anions and neutral species. The solvent and calixarene molecules were modeled based on the OPLS-AA force field. The parameters for the ions were adjusted to simultaneously reproduce some structural and thermodynamic properties obtained either experimentally or from QM/MM calculations. The simulations in the liquid phase show CLE to be more efficient than CLC in trapping the studied metal ions, leading to more stable complexes. Ion complexation gives rise to an allosteric effect by which a solvent molecule is trapped in the hydrophobic cavity giving rise to further stabilization of the complex. Simulations on CLC show that formation of the calixarene-acetonitrile adduct is essential to the stabilization of the ionic complex, thus exhibiting the influence of this particular solvent in the very existence of the complex. In spite of the conclusion that CLE has higher affinity than CLC for Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ ions, only further studies in water solution will permit to evaluate the real potential of this molecule as an efficient scavenger of environmental heavy metal pollution. 1 Capítulo 1-Introdução Geral.A poluição por metais pesados é um dos mais preocupantes problemas ambientais da humanidade, principalmente no caso do cádmio e chumbo [1][2][3][4]. O descarte indevido de baterias, a utilização indiscriminada de herbicidas e fungicidas, a queima de gasolina e vários tipos de processos industriais são os principais responsáveis pela emissão dessas substâncias. A presença de metais em organismos vivos causa severa intoxicação podendo, em alguns casos, apresentar biomagnificação contaminando toda a cadeia alimentar [5,6]. Em seres humanos a principal fonte de intoxicação por cádmio e chumbo provém da ingestão de alimentos animais e vegetais ou pelo fumo [7][8][9][10] ,11,17,23-tetra-tertbutil[25,26,27,28-tetrakis(2-piridi...

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The fate and behavior of lead alkyls in the environment: A review

Cited by 37 publications

References 100 publications

Organic Lead Toxicology

Organic Lead Toxicology

Molecular and isotopic records of combustion inputs to the environment over the last 250 years

"Estudo do processo de complexação de calixarenos com íons metálicos e espécies neutras por simulações de dinâmica molecular"

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