The Family Placement of Cyrtandromoea

Abstract

Abstract—Cyrtandromoea is a genus consisting of about 12 species of perennial caulescent herbs with a distribution in China, India, Myanmar, Thailand, and western Malesia. The genus has previously been associated with either Gesneriaceae or the tribe Mimuleae in Phrymaceae (in former Scrophulariaceae) with morphology in favor of the latter and molecular plastid ndhF data the former. We addressed the placement of this genus by assembling a four gene dataset (matK, ndhF, rps16, and trnL-F) comprising 270 ingroup samples representing 270 species and 51 families of the core asterids, including all families of Lamiales currently recognized. These included 111 species representing 66 genera of Gesneriaceae. We used maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference analyses to reconstruct phylogenies that showed Cyrtandromoea to be placed in Phrymaceae. A fine-scale analysis focusing on Phrymaceae using ITS and trnL-F and 79 samples revealed that Cyrtandromoea is most closely related to a clade of genera in Phrymaceae that included Mimulus s. s. A combination of morphological synapomorphies such as cymose inflorescences, 5-angled toothed calyx, flowers with bilocular ovary with axile placentation with numerous small seeds with endosperm, and loculicidal dehiscing capsule support this placement. Our results strongly support the placement of Cyrtandromoea in Phrymaceae.

Plastid phylogenomic insights into relationships of all flowering plant families

“…(please refer to Additional file 14: additional text for more detailed discussion). However, some previously unresolved interfamilial relationships within Saxifragales, Malpighiales, Ericales, and Lamiales [50,68,70,84,85] remain unresolved in the current study. Families of these orders may have experienced rapid radiations, which may not be resolved by plastome data.…”

Biogeographic history of the pantropical family Gesneriaceae with a focus on the Indian plate and diversification through the Old World

“…Outgroup sampling: 49 species were sampled from all 24 families of order Lamiales (according to Schäferhoff et al 2010, Luna et al 2019, Li et al 2021, with one to four species per family depending on its size (Table S1). Two species from Solanales and one from Gentianales were included as outgroups and the latter used to root the phylogenetic trees (as per Li et al 2019, Janssens et al 2020) (Table S1).…”

“…Four plastid DNA regions were PCR amplified following Luna et al (2019). These comprised two coding genes, ndhF (Olmstead and Reeves 1995) and matK including the intron (Sang et al 1997, Perret et al 2013, and two non-coding regions, i.e., the rps16 intron (Oxelman et al 1997) and the trnL-F intron / intergenic spacer region (Taberlet et al 1991).…”

Rediscovery of Mazus lanceifolius reveals a new genus and a new species in Mazaceae

“…Based on previous studies Refulio-Rodriguez and Olmstead 2014;Luna et al 2019;Liu et al 2020) [Lamiaceae]) were selected as outgroups for the cpDNA dataset. While, because of the high divergence of nrITS sequences, only eight species from the above-mentioned families were selected as outgroups.…”