Zeilechr. 5. math. h q i k und Gruiullagen d. M a h .Bd. 20, S. 239-254 (1974) INDEX SETS UNIVERSAL FOR DIFFERENCES OF ARITHMETIC SETS by LOUISE HAY in Chicago, Illinois (U.S.A.)1)
IntroductionIf d is a class of recursively enumerable (r.e.) sets, let i 3 d = (x I W, E a?} denote the index set of a? under a standard enumeration of the r.e. sets. It is known El13 that the &-complete 1-degrees in the arithmetic hierarchy can be represented by index sets; and in [2] it was shown that the maximum 1-degrees for sets at each level of the difference hierarchy generated by the r.e. sets can also be represented by index sets. The purpose of this paper is to generalize the latter result to the difference hierarchy generated by the sets Z,,, in A , for rn > 0 and all A. A variety of methods will be described for constructing index sets which are "universal" for given levels of this hierarchy, and some examples will be given of "natural" index sets which can be precisely located a t such a level.
NotationThe basic notation is that of [ll]. N denotes the natural numbers; { D o , D1, . . .> is the canonical enumeration of finite subsets of N. (e} is the eth partial recursive function, (e}A the eth function partial recursive in A . Wf is the domain of { e } A ; we assume Wt = 0, for all A . I Wel is the cardinality of W e , and WS, is the sth stage in some fixed recursive enumeration of W e . For each k , (el, . . ., ek) denotes a 1-1 recursive mapping of Nk onto N, with recursive inverses denoted by (e):; i.e., if e = (el, . . ., ek>, (e)? = ei, 1 5 j 5 k. By convention, (e); = 0 for all j > k . If A , B 5 N, A g l B means A is 1-1 reducible to B, A 2 B means A is recursivelyisomorphic to B (since all sets under consideration will be cylinders, we will not worry about proving that reduction functions are 1 -1).
The Zf, ,-hierarchyI n [2], the Boolean algebra generated by the r.e. sets is classified into a hierarchy {X;', 17;1},,>a. It is shown that for all n > 0 , there is a ZLl-set which is universal for 2;l-sets; this set is unique up to recursive isomorphism, and can be represented as the index set of a class of r.e. sets (which can be chosen among the index sets classified independently in [2]). This hierarchy can be relativized in the obvious fashion to the Boolean algebra generated by the sets r.e. in a fixed set A . We shall denote the levels of this hierarchy by (26 ,,}rL,a and the complements by (2; n } ; in this notation the setqZ;l, I 7 ; ' of [2] become Zf, n , Ef, for a recursive set A . Relativizing the results of [2] then shows that l) Research partly supported by NSF Grant GP-19958.