The families of pathogenesis-related proteins, their activities, and comparative analysis of PR-1 type proteins

Loon, L.C. van; Strien, E.A. van

doi:10.1006/pmpp.1999.0213

Cited by 1,651 publications

(1,021 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…These cis-acting transcriptional signals predominantly come from a gene in the close vicinity of the inserted Ds element (Ramachandran and Sundaresan, 2001). The AtTLP1 gene, encoding a thaumatin-like protein that belongs to the evolutionarily conserved class of PR-5 proteins (Van Loon and Van Strien, 1999), was the only candidate gene that was coordinately activated with the GUS reporter gene in response to ACC treatment (Figures 3 and 4). Moreover, like the GUS reporter gene, AtTLP1 showed a root-specific expression pattern in response to ACC treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The AtTLP1 gene encodes a thaumatin-like protein, which belongs to the evolutionarily conserved class of PR-5 proteins (Van Loon and Van Strien, 1999). A large number of PR-5 proteins from different plant species has been isolated and characterized (Anzˇlovar and Dermastia, 2003), all of which show similarity to the sweet-tasting protein thaumatin present in the fruits of the tropical shrub Thaumatococcus danielii (Van der Wel and Loeve, 1972).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The state of SAR is characterized by an early increase in endogenously synthesized salicylic acid (SA), and the concomitant activation of a set of so-called SAR genes (Sticher et al, 1997). Many SAR genes encode pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins (PRs) (Van Loon and Van Strien, 1999), some of which have been shown to possess anti-fungal activity and are thought to contribute to the induced resistant state. Arabidopsis mutants affected in SA production, and transgenic NahG plants that express the bacterial salicylate hydroxylase (nahG) gene, are incapable of developing SAR and do not show SAR gene activation upon pathogen infection, indicating that SA is a necessary intermediate in the SAR signaling pathway (Gaffney et al, 1993;Wildermuth et al, 2001;Nawrath et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Colonization of the Arabidopsis rhizosphere by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. activates a root-specific, ethylene-responsive PR-5 gene in the vascular bundle

et al. 2005

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Plants of which the roots are colonized by selected strains of non-pathogenic, fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. develop an enhanced defensive capacity against a broad spectrum of foliar pathogens. In Arabidopsis thaliana, this rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance (ISR) functions independently of salicylic acid but requires responsiveness to jasmonic acid and ethylene. In contrast to pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR), ISR is not associated with systemic changes in the expression of genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. To identify genes that are specifically expressed in response to colonization of the roots by ISRinducing Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r bacteria, we screened a collection of Arabidopsis enhancer trap and gene trap lines containing a transposable element of the Ac/Ds system and the GUS reporter gene. We identified an enhancer trap line (WET121) that specifically showed GUS activity in the root vascular bundle upon colonization of the roots by WCS417r. Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. strains P. fluorescens WCS374r and P. putida WCS358r triggered a similar expression pattern, whereas ISR-non-inducing Escherichia coli bacteria did not. Exogenous application of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) mimicked the rhizobacteria-induced GUS expression pattern in the root vascular bundle, whereas methyl jasmonic acid and salicylic acid did not, indicating that the Ds element in WET121 is inserted in the vicinity of an ethylene-responsive gene. Analysis of the expression of the genes in the close vicinity of the Ds element revealed AtTLP1 as the gene responsible for the in cis activation of the GUS reporter gene in the root vascular bundle. AtTLP1 encodes a thaumatin-like protein that belongs to the PR-5 family of PR proteins, some of which possess antimicrobial properties. AtTLP1 knockout mutant plants showed normal levels of WCS417r-mediated ISR against the bacterial leaf pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, suggesting that expression of AtTLP1 in the roots is not required for systemic expression of ISR in the leaves. Together, these results indicate that induction of AtTLP1 is a local response of Arabidopsis roots to colonization by non-pathogenic fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and is unlikely to play a role in systemic resistance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Colonization of the Arabidopsis rhizosphere by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. activates a root-specific, ethylene-responsive PR-5 gene in the vascular bundle

et al. 2005

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“…These proteins are grouped according to their sequence similarity and biological activity. PR-2 is a β-1,3-glucanase; PR-3, PR-4, PR-8 and PR-11 are different types of chitinase; PR-5 is a thaumatin-like protein; PR-6 is a proteinase inhibitor; PR-7 is an endoproteinase; PR-9 is a peroxidase; PR-10 is a ribonuclease; and PR-12, PR-13 and PR-14 are a defensin, thionin and lipid-transfer proteins, respectively (reviewed by Van Loon and Van Strien 1999). Chitinolytic enzymes (chitinase or endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase; EC 3.2.1.14 and exochitinases, or β-N-acetylhexosaminidase; EC.…”

Section: Pr Proteins In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitin and chitin-related compounds in plant–fungal interactions

Pusztahelyi

2018

Mycology

145

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Chitin is the second abundant polysaccharide in the world after cellulose. It is a vital structural component of the fungal cell wall but not for plants. In plants, fungi are recognised through the perception of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to induce MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI). Chitin polymers and their modified form, chitosan, induce host defence responses in both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The plants’ response to chitin, chitosan, and derived oligosaccharides depends on the acetylation degree of these compounds which indicates possible biocontrol regulation of plant immune system. There has also been a considerable amount of recent research aimed at elucidating the roles of chitin hydrolases in fungi and plants as chitinase production in plants is not considered solely as an antifungal resistance mechanism. We discuss the importance of chitin forms and chitinases in the plant–fungal interactions and their role in persistent and possible biocontrol.Abbreviations ET, ethylene; GAP, GTPase-activating protein; GEF, GDP/GTP exchange factor; JA, jasmonic acid; LysM, lysin motif; MAMP, microbe-associated molecular pattern; MTI, MAMP-triggered immunity; NBS, nucleotide-binding site; NBS-LRR, nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeats; PM, powdery mildew; PR, pathogenesis-related; RBOH, respiratory burst oxidase homolog; RLK, receptor-like kinase; RLP, receptor-like protein; SA, salicylic acid; TF, transcription factor.

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“…In plants, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the earliest indications of elicitor recognition by plants. It further leads to activation of signal transduction pathways, phytoalexin biosynthesis, cell wall strengthening, callose deposition, defense related enzymes synthesis, and the accumulation of pathogenesisrelated (PR) proteins (Van Loon and Van Strien 1999;Thakur and Sohal 2013). Development of resistant crop was achieved by the over expressing of various defense related genes encoding defense enzymes and phenol production (Maxson-Stein et al 2002;Anand et al 2009;Acharya et al 2011a, b;Pal et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abiotic elicitors mediated elicitation of innate immunity in tomato: an ex vivo comparison

Chakraborty

Ghosh²,

Chandra

et al. 2016

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

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Improvement of the host resistance by using hazard free chemical elicitors is emerging as an alternative approach in the field of plant disease management. In our present work, we have screened the efficacy and possible mechanism of abiogenic elicitors like Dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate (K 2 HPO 4 ), Oxalic acid (OA), Isonicotinic acid (INA), Salicylic acid (SA), Acetylsalicylate (AS), Arachidonic acid (AA) and Calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) to stimulate innate immune responses in Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. Excised tomato leaves, treated with elicitors at three different concentrations, were found to stimulate defense and antioxidative enzymes, total phenol and flavonoid content after 24 h of incubation. CaCl 2 (0.5 %) followed by INA (2.5 mM) were found most effective in activation of all such defense molecules in tomato leaves. Furthermore, nitric oxide (NO), a key gaseous mediator in plant defense signaling, was also measured after subsequent elicitor application. Higher doses of elicitors showed an elevated level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, enhanced lipid peroxidation rate and proline content, which indicates the extent of abiotic stress generation on the leaves. However, ROS production, lipid peroxidation rate and proline concentration remain significantly reduced as a result of CaCl 2 (0.5 %) and INA (2.5 mM) application. A sharp increase of total chlorophyll content was also recorded due to treatment of CaCl 2 (0.5 %). These results demonstrate the effects of different abiogenic elicitors to regulate the production of defense molecules. Results also suggest that among all such chemicals, CaCl 2 (0.5 %) and INA (2.5 mM) can be used as a potential elicitor in organic farming of tomato.

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The families of pathogenesis-related proteins, their activities, and comparative analysis of PR-1 type proteins

Cited by 1,651 publications

References 87 publications

Colonization of the Arabidopsis rhizosphere by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. activates a root-specific, ethylene-responsive PR-5 gene in the vascular bundle

Colonization of the Arabidopsis rhizosphere by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. activates a root-specific, ethylene-responsive PR-5 gene in the vascular bundle

Chitin and chitin-related compounds in plant–fungal interactions

Abiotic elicitors mediated elicitation of innate immunity in tomato: an ex vivo comparison

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