The familial aggregation of cannabis use disorders

Merikangas, Kathleen R.; Li, Julan Julia; Stipelman, Brooke A.; Yu, Kelly J.; Fucito, Lisa M.; Swendsen, Joël; Zhang, Heping

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02468.x

Cited by 27 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 71 publications

(83 reference statements)

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“…This is in line with past research confirming a genetic predisposition for drug use (Merikangas et al, 1998; Merikangas et al, 2009). There is also a higher MR of drug abuse in the relatives of non-cannabis using patients than the non-cannabis using controls.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

A controlled family study of cannabis users with and without psychosis

Proal

Fleming

Gálvez-Buccollini

et al. 2014

Schizophrenia Research

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Background Cannabis is one of the most highly abused illicit drugs in the world. Several studies suggest a link between adolescent cannabis use and schizophrenia. An understanding of this link would have significant implications for legalization of cannabis and its medicinal value. The present study aims to determine whether familial morbid risk for schizophrenia is the crucial factor that underlies the association of adolescent cannabis use with the development of schizophrenia. Methods Consecutively obtained probands were recruited into four samples: sample 1: 87 nonpsychotic controls with no drug use; sample 2: 84 non-psychotic controls with cannabis use; sample 3: 32 patients with a schizophrenia spectrum psychosis with no drug use; sample 4: 76 patients with a schizophrenia spectrum psychosis with cannabis use. All cannabis using subjects used this drug during adolescence, and no other substance, with the exception of alcohol. Structured interviews of probands and family informants were used to obtain diagnostic information about probands and all their known relatives. Results There was an increased morbid risk for schizophrenia in relatives of the cannabis using and non-using patient samples compared with their respective non-psychotic control samples (p= .002, p < .001 respectively). There was no significant difference in morbid risk for schizophrenia between relatives of the patients who use or do not use cannabis (p=.43). Conclusions The results of the current study suggest that having an increased familial morbid risk for schizophrenia may by the underlying basis for schizophrenia in cannabis users and not cannabis use by itself. 1.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

A controlled family study of cannabis users with and without psychosis

Proal

Fleming

Gálvez-Buccollini

et al. 2014

Schizophrenia Research

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“…Therefore, other unmeasured factors are probably involved in the mental health differences between frequent users with and without dependence, such as personality, genetic vulnerability or other environmental factors [e.g. 54,55]. The same reasoning applies to the current use of other substances, but implications are less straightforward because the chronology assumption is much weaker.…”

Section: Childhood Adversity and Substance Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Mental health differences between frequent cannabis users with and without dependence and the general population

et al. 2013

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Mental health differences between frequent cannabis users with and without dependence and the general population van der Pol, P.; Liebregts, N.; de Graaf, R.; ten Have, M.; Korf, D.J.; van den Brink, W.; van Laar, M. Published in: Addiction DOI:10.1111/add.12196 Link to publicationCitation for published version (APA): van der Pol, P., Liebregts, N., de Graaf, R., ten Have, M., Korf, D. J., van den Brink, W., & van Laar, M. (2013). Mental health differences between frequent cannabis users with and without dependence and the general population. Addiction, 108(8), 1459-1469. DOI: 10.1111/add.12196 General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. ABSTRACTAims To compare the prevalence of mental disorders between frequent cannabis users with and without dependence and the general population. Design Cross-sectional comparison of interview data. Setting Enriched community sample of frequent cannabis users and a representative sample of non-users and non-frequent users from the general population. Participants A total of 521 young adult (aged 18-30 years) frequent cannabis users, 252 of whom were with DSM-IV cannabis dependence (D+) and 269 without DSM-IV cannabis dependence (D-), and 1072 young adults from the general population. Measurements Multinomial logistic regression was used to compare groups regarding the presence of DSM-IV mental disorders. Detailed measures of cannabis use, childhood adversity and other substance use were considered confounders. Findings Compared with the general population, externalizing disorders were more prevalent in D-[odds ratio (OR) = 8.91, P < 0.001] and most prevalent in D+ (OR = 17.75, P < 0.001), but internalizing disorders were associated only with D+ (mood OR = 4.15, P < 0.001; anxiety OR = 2.20, P = 0.002). Associations were attenuated (and often became non-significant) after correction for childhood adversity and substance use other than cannabis. However, the prevalence of mental disorders remained higher in D+ compared with D-(OR = 2.40, P < 0.001), although cannabis use patterns were remarkably similar. Conclusions Cannabis use patterns, childhood adversity and the use of other substances are similar in dependent and non-dependent frequent cannabis users. With the exception of more externalizing disorders, the mental health ...

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“…Given the notable familial co-aggregation of cannabis involvement with other forms of substance use and misuse (8, 9), twin studies have investigated the extent to which genetic influences on cannabis involvement index a general versus specific liability. Numerous studies point to the strong commonality across genetic factors influencing multiple psychoactive substances with limited evidence for drug-specific genetic influences on cannabis involvement (e.g.…”

Section: Evidence For Genetic and Environmental Influencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and Environmental Factors Associated with Cannabis Involvement

2016

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Approximately 50-70% of the variation in cannabis use and use disorders can be attributed to heritable factors. For cannabis use, the remaining variance can be parsed in to familial and person-specific environmental factors while for use disorders, only the latter contribute. While numerous candidate gene studies have identified the role of common variation influencing liability to cannabis involvement, replication has been elusive. To date, no genomewide association study has been sufficiently powered to identify significant loci. Despite this, studies adopting polygenic techniques and integrating genetic variation with neural phenotypes and measures of environmental risk, such as childhood adversity, are providing promising new leads. It is likely that the small effect sizes associated with variants related to cannabis involvement will only be robustly identified in substantially larger samples. Results of such large-scale efforts will provide valuable single variant targets for translational research in neurogenetic, pharmacogenetic and non-human animal models as well as polygenic risk indices that can be used to explore a host of other genetic hypotheses related to cannabis use and misuse.

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The familial aggregation of cannabis use disorders

Cited by 27 publications

References 71 publications

A controlled family study of cannabis users with and without psychosis

A controlled family study of cannabis users with and without psychosis

Mental health differences between frequent cannabis users with and without dependence and the general population

Genetic and Environmental Factors Associated with Cannabis Involvement

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