The notion of 'Vandalism' is common to all modern western languages, and yet the metaphorical origins of the term are frequently forgotten. When the barbarian Vandals of the early medieval period are remembered, it is often assumed that they were particularly violent, even by the bloody standards of that time. The present article explores the origins of the notion of 'vandalisme' in the aftermath of the French Revolution and examines the varied representations of the historical Vandals in the Enlightenment It argues that the Vandals enjoyed a complex series of associations during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and appeared in a variety of guises in the prose, plays and political tracts of the period. It concludes that the wholly negative representation of the group arose ultimately from a specific school of French historiography in this period, which sought to contrast the creative energies of the Vandals with the idealized Franks.