The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire

Heatherton, Todd F.; Kozlowski, Lynn T.; Frecker, Richard C.; Fagerström, Karl

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x

Cited by 9,609 publications

(7,262 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

6,888

Contrasting

Unclassified

195

Order By: Relevance

“…FTND data were obtained from questionnaires answered by participants in deCODE's study of nicotine dependence (ND) (2004–2014)(Thorgeirsson et al 2008). Responses to FTND questions generate a score of 0–10, with higher scores representing greater ND (Heatherton et al 1991). Information on smoking quantity (SQ) was also utilized, but SQ was available from a standardized smoking questionnaire used in deCODE's studies that asks: ‘How many cigarettes per day do/did you smoke on average (on most days)?’ This means that current smokers answer about their current consumption and former smokers refer to their consumption in the past.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder associate with addiction

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We use polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD) to predict smoking, and addiction to nicotine, alcohol or drugs in individuals not diagnosed with psychotic disorders. Using PRSs for 144 609 subjects, including 10 036 individuals admitted for in‐patient addiction treatment and 35 754 smokers, we find that diagnoses of various substance use disorders and smoking associate strongly with PRSs for SCZ (P = 5.3 × 10−50–1.4 × 10−6) and BPD (P = 1.7 × 10−9–1.9 × 10−3), showing shared genetic etiology between psychosis and addiction. Using standardized scores for SCZ and BPD scaled to a unit increase doubling the risk of the corresponding disorder, the odds ratios for alcohol and substance use disorders range from 1.19 to 1.31 for the SCZ‐PRS, and from 1.07 to 1.29 for the BPD‐PRS. Furthermore, we show that as regular smoking becomes more stigmatized and less prevalent, these biological risk factors gain importance as determinants of the behavior.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder associate with addiction

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Based on CDDR reports, typical blood-alcohol concentration achieved during drinking episodes was calculated using the Widmark method, based on amount and duration of drinking, height, weight, and gender (Fitzgerald, 1995). The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (Heatherton et al, 1991) assessed degree of nicotine dependence on a scale of 0-10. The Timeline Followback (Sobell and Sobell, 1992) assessed substance use for 28 days before starting monitored abstinence, and for the 28 days of the abstinence period.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abstinent adolescent marijuana users show altered fMRI response during spatial working memory

Schweinsburg¹,

Nagel²,

Schweinsburg³

et al. 2008

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging

172

168

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Marijuana is the most widely used illicit substance among teenagers, yet little is known about the possible neural influence of heavy marijuana use during adolescence. We previously demonstrated an altered functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity related to spatial working memory (SWM) among adolescents who were heavy users of after an average of 8 days of abstinence, but the persisting neural effects remain unclear. To characterize the potentially persisting neurocognitive effects of heavy marijuana use in adolescence, we examined fMRI response during SWM among abstinent marijuana-using teens. Participants were 15 MJ teens and 17 demographically similar nonusing controls, ages 16-18. Teens underwent biweekly urine toxicology screens to ensure abstinence for 28 days before fMRI acquisition. Groups performed similarly on the SWM task, but MJ teens demonstrated lower activity in right dorsolateral prefrontal and occipital cortices, yet significantly more activation in right posterior parietal cortex. MJ teens showed abnormalities in brain response during a SWM task compared with controls, even after 1 month of abstinence. The activation pattern among MJ teens may reflect different patterns of utilization of spatial rehearsal and attention strategies, and could indicate altered neurodevelopment or persisting abnormalities associated with heavy marijuana use in adolescence.

show abstract

“…Nicotine dependence was also assessed at baseline using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. 22 Primary outcome. Abstinence from smoking was assessed at EOT (8 weeks after the target quit date (TQD)) and at 6 months after the TQD.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between variation in the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) and the neuronal calcium sensor-1 (FREQ) genes in predicting response to nicotine replacement therapy for tobacco dependence

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We have previously demonstrated that a functional dopamine D2 receptor promoter variant (DRD2 À141 Ins/Del) predicts response to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). The present study extends this finding in the same population of 363 NRT-treated subjects, by examining variation in the gene encoding the neuronal calcium sensor-1 protein (FREQ), which functions to regulate D2 receptor desensitization. The results indicate a statistically significant interaction effect of DRD2À141 and FREQ genotypes on abstinence at the end of the NRT treatment phase; 62% of the smokers with at least one copy of the DRD2 À141 Del allele and two copies of the FREQ rs1054879 A allele were abstinent from smoking, compared to 29-38% abstinence rates for other smokers in the trial. This result suggests that the interaction between variation in the DRD2 and FREQ genes, which both encode components of the D2 dopamine receptor signal transduction pathway, impacts the efficacy of NRT.

show abstract

The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire

Cited by 9,609 publications

References 28 publications

Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder associate with addiction

Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder associate with addiction

Abstinent adolescent marijuana users show altered fMRI response during spatial working memory

Interaction between variation in the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) and the neuronal calcium sensor-1 (FREQ) genes in predicting response to nicotine replacement therapy for tobacco dependence

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About