The factor structure of cybersickness

Abstract

Cybersickness embraces a range of clinical symptoms reported in response to simulated motion in a computer generated, virtual reality environment. The Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) has been the standard tool for measuring observed responses; however, many of the observed SSQ variables are highly correlated, so it is not clear which ones are appropriate to use as a basis for building an explanatory model. In this study, responses to the SSQ were analyzed using principal components analysis, and four significant factors-General Cybersickness, Vision, Arousal and Fatigue-were identified. An initial interpretation of these factors is provided in the context of a broader cybersickness model, with a view to constructing a new questionnaire with fewer, more focused questions.

Simulator sickness in the aircraft training of military and civil pilots of various types of aircraft

“…Ze względu na duże nagromadzenie bodźców wzrokowych, które muszą przetworzyć piloci wojskowych statków powietrznych, główne symptomy choroby to: zmęczenie oczu, trudności skupienia, zamazany obraz i utrata orientacji. W literaturze [8,9] zwraca się uwagę na wyraźną korelację pomiędzy wzrostem pobudzenia obszarów mózgu odpowiedzialnych za wzrok a odczuciem dyskomfortu u pilota, np. bólem głowy.…”

“…przeziębienie, przyjmowane leki, brak snu oraz ogólnie pojmowane zmęczenie. W literaturze [8,11,14,15] Tabela 5. Rodzaje symulowanych statków powietrznych i sesje symulatorowe w roku Table 5.…”

Investigating a Physical Dial as a Measurement Tool for Cybersickness in Virtual Reality

“…Before recruiting participants, we determined that between 30-40 participants would be required to run an appropriately powered experiment based on sample sizes and statistical effect sizes of similar and related studies [Bruck and Watters 2011;Dennison et al 2016;Lin et al [n.d.]]. Thirty six participants were recruited through the University's social network pages, and consisted of 16 males and 20 females (age M = 26.1, SD = 7.18).…”

Psychometric evaluation of the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire as a measure of cybersickness

“…As discussed previously, there were several reasons to anticipate this, including: the relevance of the items to cybersickness based on the differences between flight simulator and VR contexts, the unrepresentativeness of the SSQ validation sample, and the questionable applicability of the particular factor analysis that was used. Others have also previously made similar arguments against the use of the SSQ in the context of VR (Rebenitsch & Owen 2016;Ames et al 2005;Young et al 2006;Kim et al 2004;Bouchard et al 2007;Bruck & Watters 2011). However, virtual reality researchers in general have not been convinced by the arguments against the SSQ and have continued to use it to measure cybersickness.…”

“…They labeled the four components "cybersickness", "vision", "arousal", and "fatigue". Bruck and Watters (2011) refactoring has had limited use. The validity of the analysis is questionable for a few reasons.…”