The faces pain scale for the self-assessment of the severity of pain experienced by children: Development, initial validation, and preliminary investigation for ratio scale properties

Abstract

Altogether 553 children (195 first graders, mean age 6.8 years, and 358 third graders, mean age 8.7 years) participated in the development of a self-report measure to assess the intensity of children's pain. The first step was the derivation, from children's drawings of facial expressions of pain, of 5 sets of 7 schematic faces depicting changes in severity of expressed pain from no pain to the most pain possible. With the set of faces that achieved the highest agreement in pain ordering, additional studies were conducted to determine whether the set had the properties of a scale. In one study, children rank-ordered the faces on 2 occasions, separated by 1 week. All 7 faces were correctly ranked by 64% (retest 1 week later, 61%) of grade 1 children and by 86% (retest 89%) of grade 3 children. In a second study, the faces were presented in all possible paired combinations. All 7 faces were correctly placed by 62% (retest 86%) of the younger and by 75% (retest 71%) of the older subjects. A third study asked children to place faces along a scale: a procedure allowing a check on the equality of intervals. The fourth study checked on whether pain was acting as an underlying construct for ordering the faces in memory. We asked whether children perceived the set as a scale by asking if memory for an ordered set of faces was more accurate than for a random set. The final study checked, with 6-year-old children, the test-retest reliability of ratings for recalled experiences of pain. Overall, the faces pain scale incorporates conventions used by children, has achieved strong agreement in the rank ordering of pain, has indications that the intervals are close to equal, and is treated by children as a scale. The test-retest data suggest that it may prove to be a reliable index over time of self-reported pain.

Pompe disease diagnosis and management guideline

“…The following list includes most of the major assessments but is not intended to be an exhaustive listing of all possible assessments or tools used in assessments. passive ranges of motion and measures of muscle extensibility (goniometry)posture and alignment in all positions Spine: flexibility, stability, posture and alignmentmonitoring for kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosiship joint stability/integrityDEXAradiographs as needed for monitoring hip and spine status Qualitative/kinematic assessment of compensatory movement/strategies for movement strength - “pure” measures of muscle strength (specific tests chosen based on age and level of strength) manual muscle testing (MMT)Quantitative muscle testingdynamometry – different types and brandsisometric hand held or fixed – norms exist from 4 to 79 years of age122,123grip - norms exist from ages 6 years to 79 years124,125pinch - norms exist from ages 6 years to 79 years124,125other quantitative measures (isokinetic, isotonic, isometric) Functional Measures (including functional measures of strength): Alberta Infant Motor Scales126Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM)127Timed Functional Tests128Six Minute Walk129Functional Grades130Peabody Developmental Motor Scales 2131 Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Index (PEDI)132Pompe PEDI133Functional Independence Measure (FIM)134WeeFIM135 CRIES Pain Scale136FACES Pain Scale137–139Pediatric Objective Pain ScaleVisual Analogue Scales (VAS) Short Form 36 (SF36) Health Survey140Sickness Impact Profile141Center for Disease Control HRQOL (www.cdc.gov/hrqol/hrqol14_measure.htm) PedsQL142…”

“…Functional Measures (including functional measures of strength): Alberta Infant Motor Scales126Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM)127Timed Functional Tests128Six Minute Walk129Functional Grades130Peabody Developmental Motor Scales 2131 Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Index (PEDI)132Pompe PEDI133Functional Independence Measure (FIM)134WeeFIM135 CRIES Pain Scale136FACES Pain Scale137–139Pediatric Objective Pain ScaleVisual Analogue Scales (VAS) Short Form 36 (SF36) Health Survey140Sickness Impact Profile141Center for Disease Control HRQOL (www.cdc.gov/hrqol/hrqol14_measure.htm) PedsQL142…”

Psychometric properties of pain intensity scales comparing among postoperative adult patients, elderly patients without and with mild cognitive impairment in China

“…The FPS (Bieri, Reeve, Champion, Addicoat, & Ziegler, 1990) consists of seven line-drawn faces presented in a horizontal format with different facial expressions that include a neutral face representing no pain, a severely controlled face without tears representing worst pain, and five other facial expressions in between.…”

Assessment and measurement of pain in older adults

“…The FPS [13] and the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale [126] consist of a series of progressively distressed facial expressions which were developed for use with children. The patient chooses the face that represents the severity or intensity of their current pain.…”