The Fabrication of Amino Acid Incorporated Nanoflowers with Intrinsic Peroxidase-like Activity and Its Application for Efficiently Determining Glutathione with TMB Radical Cation as Indicator

Abstract

The assessment of glutathione (GSH) levels is associated with early diagnostics and pathological analysis for various disorders. Among all kinds of techniques for detecting GSH, the colorimetric assay relying on the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) catalyzed by many nanomaterials with peroxidase-like activity attracts increasing attention owing to its outstanding merits, such as high sensitivity and high selectivity. However, the aggregation between the nanomaterials severely hinders the entrance of TMB into the “active site” of these peroxidase mimics. To address this problem, the D-amino acid incorporated nanoflowers possessing peroxidase-like activity with a diameter of 10–15 μm, TMB and H2O2 were employed to establish the detection system for determining the level of glutathione. The larger diameter size of the hybrid nanoflowers substantially averts the aggregation between them. The results confirm that the hybrid nanoflowers detection system presents a low limit of detection, wide linear range, perfect selectivity, good storage stability and desired operational stability for the detection of GSH relying on the intrinsic peroxidase-like activity and favorable mechanical stability of the hybrid nanoflowers, indicating that the hybrid nanoflowers detection system has tremendous application potential in clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Enhancing the Stability of Cu‐BTC Metal‐Organic Framework via the Formation of Cu‐BTC@Cu3(PO4)2 MOF Core‐Shell Nanoflower Hierarchical Hybrid Composites

“…NFs were also synthesized using amino acids as the organic component and metal phosphates or metal ions as the inorganic material. [ 37,38 ] Wu et al. reported that CP NFs formation and growth were more selective to positively charged amino acids than neutral and negatively charged ones.…”

“…In previous reports, composite structures consisting of CP NFs and biomolecules were generated and primarily employed for the immobilization of enzymes. [ 28 ] Various biomolecules, including lipase, [ 29 ] laccase, [ 30 ] polydopamine, [ 31 ] bovine serum albumin, [ 23 ] horseradish peroxidase and glucose oxidase, [ 26,32 ] soy protein, [ 33 ] biosurfactants, [ 34 ] glucose oxidase, and catalase, [ 35 ] silk‐fibroin protein [ 36 ] and amino acids [ 37,38 ] were used to facilitate the growth of the NFs. NFs were also synthesized using amino acids as the organic component and metal phosphates or metal ions as the inorganic material.…”

Optimal Synthesis of Algae@Cu Hybrid Nanoflower And Their Antioxidant And Catalytic Activities

“…Dadi et al (2020) reported that peroxidase activities of gallic acid@Cu NFs depend on reaction time, substrate concentration and NF morphology [23]. Jiang et al (2021) explained the peroxidase activity that provides the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine of amino acid-based Cu hNFs with the Fenton mechanism [24]. In the light of this information, we attribute the peroxidase-like catalytic activity of hNFs synthesized with the cooperation of algae extract and Cu to the decomposition of guaiacol by free radicals formed as a result of Fenton's mechanism.…”

A Novel Biomaterial for Decolorization of Azo Dyes: Myoglobin‐Zn(II) Assisted Hybrid Nanoflowers

“…The researchers proved that the stability and activity of protein‐inorganic hybrid nanoflowers exhibited a remarkable increase compared to other studies and free forms [6,7] . Such that, nanoflowers synthesized using organic molecules that do not show peroxidase activity exhibited effective peroxidase mimic activity [8–11] …”

“…[6,7] Such that, nanoflowers synthesized using organic molecules that do not show peroxidase activity exhibited effective peroxidase mimic activity. [8][9][10][11] Peroxidases (POD) [E.C: 1.11.1.x] are oxidoreductase class enzymes that are commonly found in nature (in animals, plants, and microorganisms) and that catalyze the reaction between compounds that tend to donate hydrogen atoms and H 2 O 2 which has these atoms in the acceptor state. [12,13] This group of enzymes catalyze the oxidation of inorganic and organic substrates using H 2 O 2 , and the dehydrogenation reactions of many aromatic compounds such as phenols, hydroquinones, hydroquinonide amines.…”