The Eyes as a Window to the Brain and Mind

Graham, Lisa; Das, Julia; Moore, Jason H.; Godfrey, Alan; Stuart, Samuel

doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2391-6_1

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…The former is particularly important considering the possible deleterious impact of visual and cognitive impairment on utilizing a more complex device such as the NPRS ETI . The reduced costs of eye trackers and enhanced usability evident in recent years [21] will hopefully encourage such research. Pending further validation, the NPRS NPRS ETI may find a place among the more established pain assessment tools.…”

Section: Author Detailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, eye tracking was used to control household electric appliances by ALS patients [19]. Second, eye movements indicate what the examinee is paying attention to while engaging with a task and offering a glimpse into both cognitive and processes [20,21]. The latter are sensitive to aspects of cognitive processing (e.g., experienced cognitive load), as well as affective states such as anxiety [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrating the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) with an Eye Tracker: Feasibility and Initial Validation

Braw,

Ratmansky,

Goor-Aryeh

2024

Pain Management - From Acute to Chronic and Beyond

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This chapter details the integration of a Numerical Rating Scale (NPRSETI) with a portable eye tracker, enabling the assessment of pain in conditions in which verbal communication and use of hands are limited (e.g., advanced Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS). After detailing the construction of the NPRSETI, we describe its validation in an outpatient pain clinic. More specifically, thirty chronic pain patients performed the NPRSETI and filled a conventional NPRS (order was pseudo-randomized). Eye movements, including gaze direction and additional eye movement measures (e.g., saccade rate), were recorded, while participants rated their pain using the NPRSETI. The study’s findings indicated no significant differences in pain severity ratings of the NPRSETI and conventional NPRS. Notably, ratings using the two scales were highly correlated (r = 0.99). NPRSETI’s ratings were also strongly associated with participants’ currently experienced pain rating using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). The findings provide initial proof of concept for integrating conventional pain rating scales with an eye tracker and validate the NPRSETI compared with the well-validated and commonly used NPRS. Enhanced usability and decreasing costs of eye trackers will ease the additional research mandated to validate these preliminary findings and hopefully advance their integration into clinical practice.

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Section: Author Detailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) with an Eye Tracker: Feasibility and Initial Validation

Braw,

Ratmansky,

Goor-Aryeh

2024

Pain Management - From Acute to Chronic and Beyond

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Using Eye Tracking to Map Attention in an EEG-Based Brainwave Graphic Visualization System

Becker,

Cavalcanti,

Melo

et al. 2023

Communications in Computer and Information Science

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Chronic Pain: Utility of an Eye-Tracker Integrated Stand-alone Performance Validity Test

Braw,

Elbaum,

Lupu

et al. 2024

Psychol. Inj. and Law

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Noncredible cognitive performance among chronic pain patients garners increased clinical attention. The Word Memory Test (WMT)—a well-established stand-alone validity indicator—was recently integrated with an eye tracker, and its utility was assessed using healthy simulators. The current study expands on this earlier work by assessing the utility of the eye-tracker integrated WMT to detect noncredible cognitive performance in the context of chronic pain. Chronic pain outpatients were randomly assigned to either a simulation (i.e., patients simulating cognitive impairment; n = 22) or honest control (i.e., patients performing to the best of their ability; n = 23) conditions. They then completed the WMT’s immediate recognition (IR) subtest while their eye movements were recorded. Simulators gazed less at relevant stimuli and gazed more at irrelevant stimuli than controls. Sensitivity levels tended to be low to moderate when maintaining specificities ≥ 90%, as customary in the field. While a previously developed scale that integrates eye movement measures using a logistic regression did not adequately differentiate the groups, conjunctive rules (i.e., the participant was required to fail both the WMT's classification scheme and the eye movement measure with the strongest discriminative capacity) were associated with higher specificities than those of the WMT’s conventional classification scheme. Overall, the eye-tracker integrated WMT shows initial clinical utility for detecting noncredible cognitive performance. Decreasing costs of eye trackers and enhanced usability will hopefully encourage further research of their utility for detecting noncredible cognitive performance and integration of this novel technology with other stand-alone validity indicators.

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The Eyes as a Window to the Brain and Mind

Cited by 3 publications

References 84 publications

Integrating the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) with an Eye Tracker: Feasibility and Initial Validation

Integrating the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) with an Eye Tracker: Feasibility and Initial Validation

Using Eye Tracking to Map Attention in an EEG-Based Brainwave Graphic Visualization System

Chronic Pain: Utility of an Eye-Tracker Integrated Stand-alone Performance Validity Test

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