The extrinsic innervation of the pelvic organs in the female rat

Baljet, B.; Drukker, J.

doi:10.1159/000145249

Cited by 108 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Nerves innervating the vagina are derived from the pelvic ganglion and are located in the mesometrium along with blood vessels. 4,5 Nerves were isolated and stimulated in a cranial to caudal fashion starting with the nerves innervating the external sphincter of the bladder. Upon stimulation, a contraction of the sphincter and the bladder could be clearly observed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increases in clitoral and vaginal blood flow following clitoral and pelvic plexus nerve stimulations in the female rat

et al. 2000

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The objective of this present study is to establish a model in the rat for the study of female clitoral and vaginal vascular changes during sexual excitation. A laser Doppler was used to measure blood ow changes following clitoral and pelvic plexus nerve stimulations. Results show an increase in clitoral blood¯ow following clitoral nerve (df 1 12, df 2 108, F 21.4, P`0.001) and pelvic plexus nerve stimulations (n 3). A vaginal blood¯ow increase is also observed following pelvic plexus nerve stimulations (df 1 12, df 2 108, F 4.75, P`0.001). The female rat can therefore be used as a model for the study of the physiology, pharmacology and sexual dysfunction relating to blood¯ow in clitoral and vaginal tissue.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increases in clitoral and vaginal blood flow following clitoral and pelvic plexus nerve stimulations in the female rat

et al. 2000

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“…6G,I ). Other targets of the inferior mesenteric ganglion and lumbosacral paravertebral ganglia (Baljet and Drukker, 1980;Vera and Nadelhaft, 1992;Ricker and Chang, 1996) demonstrated deficits in sympathetic innervation in the absence of NGF: the ureters (Fig. 7A-D), bladder ( Fig.…”

Section: Target Organs Of Prevertebral Sympathetic Ganglia Are Incompmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous Requirement of NGF for Sympathetic Target InnervationIn Vivo

Glebova¹,

Ginty²

2004

J. Neurosci.

206

193

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The neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a crucial role in the development of the sympathetic nervous system. In addition to being required for sympathetic neuron survival in vivo and in vitro, NGF has been shown to mediate axon growth in vitro. The role of NGF in sympathetic axon growth in vivo, however, is not clear because of its requirement for survival. This requirement can be circumvented by a concomitant deletion of Bax, a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, thus allowing an examination of the role of neurotrophins in axon growth independently of their function in cell survival. Here, we analyzed peripheral sympathetic target organ innervation in mice deficient for both NGF and Bax. In neonatal NGF Ϫ/Ϫ ; Bax Ϫ/Ϫ mice, sympathetic target innervation was absent in certain organs (such as salivary glands), greatly reduced in others (such as heart), somewhat diminished in a few (such as stomach and kidneys), but not significantly different from control in some (such as trachea). At embryonic day 16.5, peripheral target sympathetic innervation was also reduced in NGF Ϫ/Ϫ ; Bax Ϫ/Ϫ mice, with analogous variability for different organs. Interestingly, in some organs such as the spleen the precise location at which sympathetic axons become NGF-dependent for growth was evident. We thus show that NGF is required for complete peripheral innervation of both paravertebral and prevertebral sympathetic ganglia targets in vivo independently of its requirement for cell survival. Remarkably, target organs vary widely in their individual NGF requirements for sympathetic innervation.

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“…During physiological gestation and parturition, the content of spinal Met-Enk is uniformly augmented throughout the spinal cord, whereas augmented levels of dynorphin are restricted to the lumbar region (Medina et al, 1993b) (the area receiving pelvic afferents; Baljet and Drukker, 1980;Steinman et al, 1992). This could indicate that spinal Met-Enk subserves an "activational" role that is permissive to transducing spinal -opioid receptor antinociception.…”

Section: Ovarian Sex Steroids and Spinal Opioid Release 743mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Ovarian Sex Steroids on Spinal Methionine-Enkephalin Release: Comparison with Dynorphin Reveals Asymmetrical Regulation

Gupta

Gintzler²

2003

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

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The concomitant activation of spinal -and ␦-opioid systems is a prerequisite for the antinociception of gestation and its hormonal simulation [via 17␤-estradiol and progesterone administration; hormone-simulated pregnancy (HSP)]. However, it is not known whether the release of -and ␦-opioids is also concomitantly regulated. This study investigates whether the release of methionine-enkephalin and modulation thereof is altered during HSP, as has been reported for dynorphin. K ϩ -stimulated release of spinal methionine-enkephalin from lumbar spinal tissue obtained from control animals is negatively modulated by nociceptin (orphanin FQ; N/OFQ) in a dose-dependent manner, but not by opioids. Conversely, selective blockade of spinal N/OFQ, but not opioid receptors, augments the K ϩ -induced increase in methionine-enkephalin release, indicating that endogenous N/OFQ also functions as a negative modulator of methionine-enkephalin release.The magnitude of K ϩ -evoked methionine-enkephalin release from spinal tissue obtained from ovarian steroid-treated animals remains unchanged, consistent with the insensitivity of its modulation by N/OFQ to the ovarian sex steroid milieu. These characteristics of methionine-enkephalin release stand in sharp contrast to those previously reported for the evoked release of spinal dynorphin. Dynorphin release is subject to negative modulation by opioid (predominantly ␦) as well as N/OFQ, both of which are offset during HSP, resulting in an Ϸ2-fold increase in the magnitude of its release. These observations reveal that regulation of spinal dynorphin/-and methionine-enkephalin/␦-spinal opioid antinociceptive systems is independent, divergent, and not symmetrical and support the formulation that spinal methionine-enkephalin/␦-opioid tone acts in a permissive/facilitative capacity to accentuate spinal dynorphin/-activity.

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The extrinsic innervation of the pelvic organs in the female rat

Cited by 108 publications

References 19 publications

Increases in clitoral and vaginal blood flow following clitoral and pelvic plexus nerve stimulations in the female rat

Increases in clitoral and vaginal blood flow following clitoral and pelvic plexus nerve stimulations in the female rat

Heterogeneous Requirement of NGF for Sympathetic Target InnervationIn Vivo

Influence of Ovarian Sex Steroids on Spinal Methionine-Enkephalin Release: Comparison with Dynorphin Reveals Asymmetrical Regulation

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