The extrinsic factors important to the homeostasis of allergen-specific memory CD4 T cells

Abstract

Memory T cells, which are generated after the primary immune response to cognate antigens, possess unique features compared to naïve or effector T cells. These memory T cells are maintained for a long period of time and robustly reactivate in lymphoid or peripheral tissues where they re-encounter antigens. Environments surrounding memory T cells are importantly involved in the process of the maintenance and reactivation of these T cells. Although memory T cells are generally believed to be formed in response to acute infections, the pathogenesis and persistence of chronic inflammatory diseases, including allergic diseases, are also related to the effector functions of memory CD4 T cells. Thus, the factors involved in the homeostasis of allergen-specific memory CD4 T cells need to be understood to surmount these diseases. Here, we review the characteristics of allergen-specific memory CD4 T cells in allergic diseases and the importance of extrinsic factors for the homeostasis and reactivation of these T cells in the view of mediating persistence, recurrence, and aggravation of allergic diseases. Overall, this review provides a better understanding of memory CD4 T cells to devise effective therapeutic strategies for refractory chronic inflammatory diseases.

Comprehensive analysis of tertiary lymphoid structures-related genes for prognostic prediction, molecular subtypes and immune infiltration in gastric cancer

“…The signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A (STAT5A) can influence the major regulators of cell growth and regulate tumorigenesis [ 29 ]. CD4 is mainly expressed by helper T cells and has a crucial role in human immunity [ 30 ]. These genes, once altered, may be able to influence tumorigenesis, immune landscape, and immune escape.…”

Construction of a prognostic model based on memory CD4+ T cell–associated genes for lung adenocarcinoma and its applications in immunotherapy

“…Memory CD4+ T cells are integral components of the immune system, representing a subset of T cells that persist in the body after previous antigen exposure. These cells possess long‐lasting memory and can rapidly respond upon re‐encounter with the same antigen, thereby enhancing the efficacy of immune responses 14–16 . In recent years, preclinical and clinical investigations have highlighted the antitumor functions of memory CD4+ T cells 13,17,18 .…”

“…These cells possess long‐lasting memory and can rapidly respond upon re‐encounter with the same antigen, thereby enhancing the efficacy of immune responses. 14 , 15 , 16 In recent years, preclinical and clinical investigations have highlighted the antitumor functions of memory CD4+ T cells. 13 , 17 , 18 In many types of tumors, the presence of memory CD4+ T cells is linked to a better prognosis, highlighting their potential significance.…”

Autologous Anti-GD2 CAR T Cells Efficiently Target Primary Human Glioblastoma

“…The antitumor effect of anti-GD2 CAR T cells against GBM cells of C6, C10, and C12 patients was then additionally evaluated in 3D spheroid models to further challenge the observed anti-GBM activity (Figure 3). This approach was established accounting for (i) the more aggressive features of cells growing in 3D, (ii) the complexity of GBM growth, (iii) the heterogeneity of cell subsets in spheres with different levels of apoptosis resistance, (iv) the known immunosuppressive GBM microenvironment in 3D, and (v) the limits of CAR T penetration in solid tumors (14)(15)(16). Confirming our previously reported data (12), allogeneic anti-GD2 CAR T counteracted primary human GBM spheroids growth.…”