The Extreme Space Weather Event of 1872 February: Sunspots, Magnetic Disturbance, and Auroral Displays

Hayakawa, Hisashi; Cliver, Edward W.; Clette, Frédéric; Ebihara, Yusuke; Toriumi, Shin; Ermolli, Ilaria; Chatzistergos, Theodosios; Hattori, Kentaro; Knipp, Delores J.; Blake, Séan P.; Cauzzi, Gianna; Reardon, Kevin; Bourdin, Philippe-A.; Just, Dorothea; Vokhmyanin, Mikhail; Matsumoto, Keitaro; Miyoshi, Yoshizumi; Ribeiro, José R.; Correia, Ana P.; Willis, David M.; Wild, Matthew N.; Silverman, Sam M.

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc6cc

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 143 publications

(187 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This event has been associated with the greatest solar flare in observational history (Cliver & Dietrich, 2013;Hudson, 2021;Hayakawa et al, 2023a); 2. This period includes at least three extreme geomagnetic storms (minimum Dst index < À500 nT; Silverman, 2008;Hayakawa et al, 2023b), as summarized in Table 1. These geomagnetic superstorms indicate relatively high solar activities and potential occurrences of extreme SEP events; 3.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No signature of extreme solar energetic particle events in high-precision ¹⁴C data from the Alaskan tree for 1844–1876 CE

Miyake,

Hakozaki,

Hayakawa

et al. 2023

J. Space Weather Space Clim.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cosmogenic nuclides – 14C from tree rings and 10Be and 36Cl from ice cores serve as an effective proxy for past extreme solar energetic particle (SEP) events. After identifying the first signature of an extreme SEP event in 774 CE, several candidates have been found in these proxy archives, such as 993 CE, 660 BCE, and 7176 BCE. Their magnitudes have been estimated to be tens of times larger than that of the largest SEP event ever observed since the 1950s. Although a detailed survey of such extreme SEP events is ongoing, the detection of intermediate-sized SEP events that bridge the gap between modern observations and extreme events detected in cosmogenic nuclides has not progressed sufficiently, primarily because of the uncertainties in cosmogenic nuclide data. In this study, we measured 14C concentrations in tree rings in the 19th century (1844–1876 CE) to search for any increases in 14C concentrations corresponding to intermediate-size extreme SEP events. We utilized Alaskan tree-ring samples cut into early and latewoods to suppress the potential seasonal variations in intra-annual 14C data. Notably, no significant 14C variations were observed between early and latewoods (0.0 ± 0.3‰), and the annual resolution 14C data series displayed an error of ~ 0.8‰. Over the entire study period, no significant increase in 14C concentrations characterized by other candidates of extreme SEP events such as the 774 CE event was detected in the annual 14C data. The present result imposes a constraint on the SEP fluence when the largest class of recorded solar storms occurred (especially those in 1859 CE and 1872 CE).

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No signature of extreme solar energetic particle events in high-precision ¹⁴C data from the Alaskan tree for 1844–1876 CE

Miyake,

Hakozaki,

Hayakawa

et al. 2023

J. Space Weather Space Clim.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Extreme Solar Events: Setting up a Paradigm

Usoskin,

Miyake,

Baroni

et al. 2023

Space Sci Rev

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Sun is magnetically active and often produces eruptive events on different energetic and temporal scales. Until recently, the upper limit of such events was unknown and believed to be roughly represented by direct instrumental observations. However, two types of extreme events were discovered recently: extreme solar energetic particle events on the multi-millennial time scale and super-flares on sun-like stars. Both discoveries imply that the Sun might rarely produce events, called extreme solar events (ESE), whose energy could be orders of magnitude greater than anything we have observed during recent decades. During the years following these discoveries, great progress has been achieved in collecting observational evidence, uncovering new events, making statistical analyses, and developing theoretical modelling. The ESE paradigm lives and is being developed. On the other hand, many outstanding questions still remain open and new ones emerge. Here we present an overview of the current state of the art and the forming paradigm of ESE from different points of view: solar physics, stellar–solar projections, cosmogenic-isotope data, modelling, historical data, as well as terrestrial, technological and societal effects of ESEs. Special focus is paid to open questions and further developments. This review is based on the joint work of the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) team #510 (2020–2022).

show abstract

Solar Observations by Angelo Secchi. I. Digitization of Original Documents and Analysis of Group Numbers over the Period of 1853–1878

Ermolli,

Chatzistergos,

Giorgi

et al. 2023

ApJS

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Angelo Secchi, an Italian Jesuit and prominent scientist of the 19th century, and one of the founders of modern astrophysics, observed the Sun regularly at the Collegio Romano in Rome, Italy, for more than 25 yr. Results from his observations are reported in articles published in the scientific journals of the time, as well as in drawings and personal notebooks that are stored in the historical archive of the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma. The latter material, which reports solar observations performed from 1853–1878, includes original documents from Secchi and from a few of his close collaborators. The above unique material has recently been digitized for preservation purposes and for allowing the scientific exploitation of data not easily accessible so far. A total of more than 5400 digital images have been produced. Here we present the archival material and the new digital data derived from it. We also present results obtained from our primary analysis of the new digital data. In particular, we produced new measurements of the group number from 1853–1878, which will be available for future recalibration of the group number series.

show abstract

The Extreme Space Weather Event of 1872 February: Sunspots, Magnetic Disturbance, and Auroral Displays

Cited by 3 publications

References 143 publications

No signature of extreme solar energetic particle events in high-precision ¹⁴C data from the Alaskan tree for 1844–1876 CE

No signature of extreme solar energetic particle events in high-precision ¹⁴C data from the Alaskan tree for 1844–1876 CE

Extreme Solar Events: Setting up a Paradigm

Solar Observations by Angelo Secchi. I. Digitization of Original Documents and Analysis of Group Numbers over the Period of 1853–1878

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

The Extreme Space Weather Event of 1872 February: Sunspots, Magnetic Disturbance, and Auroral Displays

Cited by 3 publications

References 143 publications

No signature of extreme solar energetic particle events in high-precision 14C data from the Alaskan tree for 1844–1876 CE

No signature of extreme solar energetic particle events in high-precision 14C data from the Alaskan tree for 1844–1876 CE

Extreme Solar Events: Setting up a Paradigm

Solar Observations by Angelo Secchi. I. Digitization of Original Documents and Analysis of Group Numbers over the Period of 1853–1878

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

No signature of extreme solar energetic particle events in high-precision ¹⁴C data from the Alaskan tree for 1844–1876 CE

No signature of extreme solar energetic particle events in high-precision ¹⁴C data from the Alaskan tree for 1844–1876 CE